Let us remove sux_lock::waits and the associated bookkeeping.
Starting with commit 1669c889
the PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA instrumentation interface is keeping
track of lock waits.

The view INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_MUTEXES only exported counts
of rw-lock waits.

Also, SHOW ENGINE INNODB MUTEX will no longer export any information
about rw-locks.

The latching order checks for rw-locks have not caught many bugs
in the past few years and they are greatly complicating the code.

Last time the debug checks were useful was in
commit 59caf2c3 (MDEV-13485).

The B-tree hang MDEV-14637 was not caught by LatchDebug,
because the granularity of the checks is not sufficient
to distinguish the levels of non-leaf B-tree pages.

The interface was already made dead code by the grandparent
commit 03ca6495.

This reverts commit e34e53b5
and defines os_thread_sleep() is a macro on Windows.

InnoDB buffer pool block and index tree latches depend on a
special kind of read-update-write lock that allows reentrant
(recursive) acquisition of the 'update' and 'write' locks
as well as an upgrade from 'update' lock to 'write' lock.
The 'update' lock allows any number of reader locks from
other threads, but no concurrent 'update' or 'write' lock.

If there were no requirement to support an upgrade from 'update'
to 'write', we could compose the lock out of two srw_lock
(implemented as any type of native rw-lock, such as SRWLOCK on
Microsoft Windows). Removing this requirement is very difficult,
so in commit f7e7f487d4b06695f91f6fbeb0396b9d87fc7bbf we
implemented an 'update' mode to our srw_lock.

Re-entrant or recursive locking is mostly needed when writing or
freeing BLOB pages, but also in crash recovery or when merging
buffered changes to an index page. The re-entrancy allows us to
attach a previously acquired page to a sub-mini-transaction that
will be committed before whatever else is holding the page latch.

The SUX lock supports Shared ('read'), Update, and eXclusive ('write')
locking modes. The S latches are not re-entrant, but a single S latch
may be acquired even if the thread already holds an U latch.

The idea of the U latch is to allow a write of something that concurrent
readers do not care about (such as the contents of BTR_SEG_LEAF,
BTR_SEG_TOP and other page allocation metadata structures, or
the MDEV-6076 PAGE_ROOT_AUTO_INC). (The PAGE_ROOT_AUTO_INC field
is only updated when a dict_table_t for the table exists, and only
read when a dict_table_t for the table is being added to dict_sys.)

block_lock::u_lock_try(bool for_io=true) is used in buf_flush_page()
to allow concurrent readers but no concurrent modifications while the
page is being written to the data file. That latch will be released
by buf_page_write_complete() in a different thread. Hence, we use
the special lock owner value FOR_IO.

The index_lock::u_lock() improves concurrency on operations that
involve non-leaf index pages.

The interface has been cleaned up a little. We will use
x_lock_recursive() instead of x_lock() when we know that a
lock is already held by the current thread. Similarly,
a lock upgrade from U to X is only allowed via u_x_upgrade()
or x_lock_upgraded() but not via x_lock().

We will disable the LatchDebug and sync_array interfaces to
InnoDB rw-locks.

The SEMAPHORES section of SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS output
will no longer include any information about InnoDB rw-locks,
only TTASEventMutex (cmake -DMUTEXTYPE=event) waits.
This will make a part of the 'innotop' script dead code.

The block_lock buf_block_t::lock will not be covered by any
PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA instrumentation.

SHOW ENGINE INNODB MUTEX and INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_MUTEXES
will no longer output source code file names or line numbers.
The dict_index_t::lock will be identified by index and table names,
which should be much more useful. PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA is lumping
information about all dict_index_t::lock together as
event_name='wait/synch/sxlock/innodb/index_tree_rw_lock'.

buf_page_free(): Remove the file,line parameters. The sux_lock will
not store such diagnostic information.

buf_block_dbg_add_level(): Define as empty macro, to be removed
in a subsequent commit.

Unless the build was configured with cmake -DPLUGIN_PERFSCHEMA=NO
the index_lock dict_index_t::lock will be instrumented via
PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA. Similar to
commit 1669c889
we will distinguish lock waits by registering shared_lock,exclusive_lock
events instead of try_shared_lock,try_exclusive_lock.
Actual 'try' operations will not be instrumented at all.

rw_lock_list: Remove. After MDEV-24167, this only covered
buf_block_t::lock and dict_index_t::lock. We will output their
information by traversing buf_pool or dict_sys.

The PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA insists on distinguishing read-update-write
locks from read-write locks, so we must add
template<bool support_u_lock> in rd_lock() and wr_lock() operations.

rd_lock::read_trylock(): Add template<bool prioritize_updater=false>
which is used by the srw_lock_low::read_lock() loop. As long as
an UPDATE lock has already been granted to some thread, we will grant
subsequent READ lock requests even if a waiting WRITE lock request
exists. This will be necessary to be compatible with existing usage
pattern of InnoDB rw_lock_t where the holder of SX-latch (which we
will rename to UPDATE latch) may acquire an additional S-latch
on the same object. For normal read-write locks without update operations
this should make no difference at all, because the rw_lock::UPDATER
flag would never be set.

The extension of the test perfschema.sxlock_func in
commit 1669c889
turned out to be unstable.

Let us filter out purge_sys.latch (trx_purge_latch) from the output,
because it might happen that the purge tasks will not be executed
during the test execution.

Let us try to avoid code bloat for the common case that
performance_schema is disabled at runtime, and use
ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE member functions for instrumented latch acquisition.

Also, let us distinguish lock waits from non-contended lock requests
by using write_lock,read_lock for the requests that lead to waits,
and try_write_lock,try_read_lock for the wait-free lock acquisitions.
Actual 'try' operations are not being instrumented at all.

In commit 1fdc161d we introduced
a mutex-and-condition-variable based fallback implementation
for platforms that lack a futex system call. That implementation
is prone to hangs.

Let us use separate condition variables for shared and exclusive requests.

The clang++ -stdlib=libc++ header file <fstream> depends on
<filesystem> that defines a member function path::root_name(),
which conflicts with the rather unused #define root_name()
that had been introduced in
commit 7c58e97b.

Because an instrumented -stdlib=libc++ (rather than the default
-stdlib=libstdc++) is easier to build for a working -fsanitize=memory
(cmake -DWITH_MSAN=ON), let us remove the conflicting #define for now.

Sorry, only tested commit 4174fc1a
on clang. Other compilers do not define __has_feature().

For some reason, commit 5bb5d4ad
made clang++-11 unhappy about a constexpr declaration.

For some reason, the test was never adjusted for
commit e6a50e41.

The Galera tests were massively failing with debug assertions.

Post-push Windows compilation errors fix.

Change thd->mdl_context.release_transactional_locks() to
thd->mdl_release_transactional_locks()

row_undo_ins_parse_undo_rec(): Do not try to read non-existing
virtual column information for the metadata record.

The replacement is buf_pool.contains_zip().

The new option --log-innodb-page-corruption is introduced.

When this option is set, backup is not interrupted if innodb corrupted
page is detected. Instead it logs all found corrupted pages in
innodb_corrupted_pages file in backup directory and finishes with error.

For incremental backup corrupted pages are also copied to .delta file,
because we can't do LSN check for such pages during backup,
innodb_corrupted_pages will also be created in incremental backup
directory.

During --prepare, corrupted pages list is read from the file just after
redo log is applied, and each page from the list is checked if it is allocated
in it's tablespace or not. If it is not allocated, then it is zeroed out,
flushed to the tablespace and removed from the list. If all pages are removed
from the list, then --prepare is finished successfully and
innodb_corrupted_pages file is removed from backup directory. Otherwise
--prepare is finished with error message and innodb_corrupted_pages contains
the list of the pages, which are detected as corrupted during backup, and are
allocated in their tablespaces, what means backup directory contains corrupted
innodb pages, and backup can not be considered as consistent.

For incremental --prepare corrupted pages from .delta files are applied
to the base backup, innodb_corrupted_pages is read from both base in
incremental directories, and the same action is proceded for corrupted
pages list as for full --prepare. innodb_corrupted_pages file is
modified or removed only in base directory.

If DDL happens during backup, it is also processed at the end of backup
to have correct tablespace names in innodb_corrupted_pages.

The reason for the failure is that
thd->mdl_context.release_transactional_locks()
was called after commit & rollback even in cases where the current
transaction is still active.

For 10.2, 10.3 and 10.4 the fix is simple:
- Replace all calls to thd->mdl_context.release_transactional_locks() with
  thd->release_transactional_locks(). The thd function will only call
  the mdl_context function if there are no active transactional locks.
  In 10.6 we will better fix where we will change the return value for
  some trans_xxx() functions to indicate if transaction did close the
  transaction or not. This will avoid the need of the indirect call.

Other things:
- trans_xa_commit() and trans_xa_rollback() will automatically
  call release_transactional_locks() if the transaction is closed.
- We can't do that for the other functions as the caller of many of these
  are doing additional work (like close_thread_tables) before calling
  release_transactional_locks().
- Added missing abort_result_set() and missing DBUG_RETURN in
  select_create::send_eof()
- Fixed wrong indentation in injector::transaction::commit()

The real fix for MDEV-15532 will be pushed into 10.2 and 10.6
This is an additional fix for 10.4.

In 10.4 trans_xa_detach was introduced.  However THD::cleanup() assumes
that after trans_xa_detach() is done, there is no registered transactions
anymore. In the 10.2 patch there will be an assert to ensure this, which
will cause 10.4 to fail.

The fix used is to reset the transaction flags in trans_xa_detach().

- the intention for my_getevents syscall is now better explained,
why are we using it (to be able to interrupt io_getevents syscall via
io_destroy()).

- Fix comment for MAX_EVENTS in getevent_thread_routine.
MAX_EVENTS is more of less arbitrary constant, chosen such that events array
is big enough to get multiple simultaneous io completions, but small
enough so it does not blow the thread's stack.

If maintenance timer does not do much for prolonged time, it will
wake up less frequently, once every 4 seconds instead of once every 0.4
second.

It will wakeup more often if thread creation is throttled, to avoid stalls.

For some reason, InnoDB debug tests on Windows fail due to rw_lock_t
if the function call overhead for some os_thread_ code is removed.

This change worked fine on Windows in combination with MDEV-24142.

MDEV-21265: IN predicate conversion to IN subquery should be allowed for a broader set of datatype comparison

Allow materialization strategy when collations on the
inner and outer sides of an IN subquery are the same and the
character set of the inner side is a proper subset of the character
set on the outer side.
This allows conversion from utf8mb3 to utf8mb4
as the former is a subset of the later.
This is only allowed when IN predicate is converted to an IN subquery

Backported part of the patch (d6a00d9b) of MDEV-17905.

Let us always base srw_lock on our own std::atomic<uint32_t>
based rw_lock. In this way, we can extend the locks in a portable
way across all platforms.

We will use futex system calls where available:
Linux, OpenBSD, and Microsoft Windows.

Elsewhere, we will emulate futex with a mutex and a condition variable.

Thanks to Daniel Black for testing this on OpenBSD.

os_thread_pf(): Remove.

os_thread_eq(), os_thread_yield(), os_thread_get_curr_id():
Define as macros.

ut_print_timestamp(), ut_sprintf_timestamp(): Simplify.