MDEV-14762 Server crashes in MDL_ticket::has_stronger_or_equal_type upon inserting into temporary sequence

Fix is to not upgrade MDL locks for temporary tables

This could crash in mysql_unlock_tables in servers compiled with DBUG

MDEV-15742 Assertion `table_share->tmp_table != NO_TMP_TABLE ||
m_lock_type == 1' failed in handler::ha_write_row

MDEV-14831 CREATE OR REPLACE SEQUENCE under LOCK TABLE corrupts the
sequence, causes ER_KEY_NOT_FOUND

The problem was that sequence_insert didn't properly handle the case
where there where there was a LOCK TABLE while creating the sequence.

Fixed by opening the sequence table, for inserting the first record, in
a new environment without any other open tables.

Found also a bug in Locked_tables_list::reopen_tables() where the lock
structure for the new tables was allocated in THD::mem_root, which causes
crashes. This could cause problems with other create tables done under
LOCK TABLES.

Problem was that sequence_insert closed and reopened the like table
without proper locking.  Fixed by ensuring that the like table is
not reopened in sequence_insert

Other changes done to get this to work:
- Added 'internal_tables' to TABLE object to list which sequence tables
  is needed to use the table.
- Mark any expression using DEFAULT() with LEX->default_used.
  This is needed when deciding if we should open internal sequence
  tables when a table is opened (we don't need to open sequence tables
  if the main table is only used with SELECT).
- Create_and_open_temporary_table() can now also open all internal
  sequence tables.
- Added option MYSQL_LOCK_USE_MALLOC to mysql_lock_tables()
  to force memory allocation to be used with malloc instead of
  memroot.
- Added flag to MYSQL_LOCK to remember if allocation was done with
  malloc or memroot (makes code simpler and safer).
- init_one_table_for_prelocking() now takes argument for what lock to
  use instead of it's a routine or something else.
- Renamed prelocking placeholders to make them more understandable as
  they are now used in more code.
- Changed test in check_lock_and_start_stmt() if found table has correct
  locks. The old test didn't work for tables that has lock
  TL_WRITE_ALLOW_WRITE, which is what sequence tables are using.
- Added VCOL_NOT_VIRTUAL option to ensure that sequence functions can't
  be used with virtual columns
- More sequence tests

This is needed for MDEV 13679 Enabled sequences to be used in DEFAULT

Added new option for count_cuted_fields: CHECK_FIELD_EXPRESSION
which is used to check if a DEFAULT expression is correct before
ALTER TABLE starts

Changed also all test:
  if (thd->count_cuted_fields)
  to
  if (thd->count_cuted_fields > CHECK_FIELD_EXPRESSION)

Backporting from bb-10.2-compatibility to bb-10.2-ext

Version: 2018-01-26

- CREATE PACKAGE [BODY] statements are now
  entirely written to mysql.proc with type='PACKAGE' and type='PACKAGE BODY'.
- CREATE PACKAGE BODY now supports IF NOT EXISTS
- DROP PACKAGE BODY now supports IF EXISTS
- CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE [BODY] is now supported
- CREATE PACKAGE [BODY] now support the DEFINER clause:

    CREATE DEFINER user@host PACKAGE pkg ... END;
    CREATE DEFINER user@host PACKAGE BODY pkg ... END;

- CREATE PACKAGE [BODY] now supports SQL SECURITY and COMMENT clauses, e.g.:

    CREATE PACKAGE p1 SQL SECURITY INVOKER COMMENT "comment" AS ... END;

- Package routines are now created from the package CREATE PACKAGE BODY
  statement and don't produce individual records in mysql.proc.

- CREATE PACKAGE BODY now supports package-wide variables.
  Package variables can be read and set inside package routines.
  Package variables are stored in a separate sp_rcontext,
  which is cached in THD on the first packate routine call.

- CREATE PACKAGE BODY now supports the initialization section.

- All public routines (i.e. declared in CREATE PACKAGE)
  must have implementations in CREATE PACKAGE BODY

- Only public package routines are available outside of the package

- {CREATE|DROP} PACKAGE [BODY] now respects CREATE ROUTINE and ALTER ROUTINE
  privileges

- "GRANT EXECUTE ON PACKAGE BODY pkg" is now supported

- SHOW CREATE PACKAGE [BODY] is now supported

- SHOW PACKAGE [BODY] STATUS is now supported

- CREATE and DROP for PACKAGE [BODY] now works for non-current databases

- mysqldump now supports packages

- "SHOW {PROCEDURE|FUNCTION) CODE pkg.routine" now works for package routines

- "SHOW PACKAGE BODY CODE pkg" now works (the package initialization section)

- A new package body level MDL was added

- Recursive calls for package procedures are now possible

- Routine forward declarations in CREATE PACKATE BODY are now supported.

- Package body variables now work as SP OUT parameters

- Package body variables now work as SELECT INTO targets

- Package body variables now support ROW, %ROWTYPE, %TYPE

fix the compilation error.
no support for plugins yet.

rocksdb and spider

Regression introducted in c2118a08 where LOCK_thd_data was moveed
to LOCK_thd_kill

despite the name, it logs both stdout and stderr

tokudb apparently requires perfschema now

Analysis:- The problem  is the change in the implementation of wait_for_listen
in wsrep_sst_xtrabackup-v2.sh. The new script uses lsof which will always
exit with an error code if it can't find all the items, and because the
script has the -e option set in the hashbang line (#!/bin/bash -ue), the
script will abort right after running lsof if lsof can't find even a single
item among all the items listed in its arguments. This will happen even if
socat is running and listening, because it can't find nc. The loop in
wait_for_listen will therefore always quit after one iteration without
writing the "ready" line to signal the parent.

Solution:- We will or the lsof with true.

Patch Credit :Daniel Black and David Wang

Part #2: some transactions have m_rocksdb_tx==NULL (and most functions of
Rdb_transction_impl handle this case. Do like they do)

Make MyRocks' non-XA commit path to first do the commit without syncing
and then sync.

The change N7 in MDEV-15340 (see the commit message) introduced
a regression in how CAST(AS TIME), HOUR(), TIME_TO_SEC() treat datetimes
'0000-00-DD mm:hh:ss' (i.e. with zero YYYYMM part and a non-zero day).
These functions historically do not mix days to hours on datetime-to-time
conversion. Implementations of the underlying methods used get_arg0_time()
to fetch MYSQL_TIME. After MDEV-15340, get_arg0_time() went through the
Time() constructor, which always adds '0000-00-DD' to hours automatically
(as in all other places in the code we do mix days to hours).

Changes:
1. Extending Time() to make it possible to choose a desired way of treating
   '0000-00-DD' (ignore or mix to hours) on datetime-to-time conversion.
   Adding a helper class Time::Options for this, which now describes two aspects
   of Time() creation:
   1. Flags for get_date()
   2. Days/hours mixing behavior.

2. Removing Item_func::get_arg0_time(). Using Time() directly
   in all affected classes. Forcing Time() to ignore (rather than mix)
   '0000-00-DD' in these affected classes by passing a suitable Options value.

3. Adding Time::to_seconds(), to reuse the code between
   Item_func_time_to_sec::decimal_op() and Item_func_time_to_sec::int_op().

4. Item_func::get_arg0_date() now returns only a datetime value,
   with automatic time-to-datetime conversion if needed. An assert was
   added to catch attempts to pass TIME_TIME_ONLY to get_arg0_date().
   All callers were checked not to pass TIME_TIME_ONLY, this revealed
   a bug MDEV-15363.

5. Changing Item_func_last_day::get_date() to remove the TIME_TIME_ONLY flag
   before calling get_arg0_date(). This fixes MDEV-15363.

a) We do not need this on Windows, and it is not clear what it does,inside
service.

b) It hinders debugging.
mysql-test-run.pl --debugger=vsjitdebugger more often than , would stop here
throwing "invalid handle" exception.

* galera_gtid_slave
* galera_unicode_identifiers

            the non-recursive CTE via prepared statement

The problem appears as the column names of the CTE were allocated on the
wrong MEMROOT and after the preparation of the statement they disappear.

To fix it in the procedure With_element::rename_columns_of_derived_unit
the CTE column names are now allocated in the permanent MEMROOT for the
prepared statements and stored procedures.

The problem was that Item_func_hybrid_field_type::get_date() did not
convert the result to the correct data type, so MYSQL_TIME::time_type
of the get_date() result could be not in sync with field_type().

Changes:
1. Adding two new classes Datetime and Date to store MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_DATETIME
   and MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_DATE values respectively
   (in addition to earlier added class Time, for MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_TIME values).
2. Adding Item_func_hybrid_field_type::time_op().
   It performs the operation using TIME representation,
   and always returns a MYSQL_TIME value with time_type=MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_TIME.
   Implementing time_op() for all affected children classes.
3. Fixing all implementations of date_op() to perform the operation
   using strictly DATETIME representation. Now they always return a MYSQL_TIME
   value with time_type=MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_{DATE|DATETIME},
   according to the result data type.
4. Removing assignment of ltime.time_type to mysql_timestamp_type()
   from all val_xxx_from_date_op(), because now date_op() makes sure
   to return a proper MYSQL_TIME value with a good time_type (and other member)
5. Adding Item_func_hybrid_field_type::val_xxx_from_time_op().
6. Overriding Type_handler_time_common::Item_func_hybrid_field_type_val_xxx()
   to call val_xxx_from_time_op() instead of val_xxx_from_date_op().
7. Modified Item_func::get_arg0_date() to return strictly a TIME value
   if TIME_TIME_ONLY is passed, or return strictly a DATETIME value otherwise.
   If args[0] returned a value of a different temporal type,
   (for example a TIME value when TIME_TIME_ONLY was not passed,
    or a DATETIME value when TIME_TIME_ONLY was passed), the conversion
   is automatically applied.
   Earlier, get_arg0_date() did not guarantee a result in
   accordance to TIME_TIME_ONLY flag.

This reverts commit 0ea45725,
since it breaks clang

fsp_fill_free_list(): Correctly determine whether the temporary
tablespace file should be extended in order to respond to a
page allocation request. The inverted condition was noticed
by Thiru when he analyzed MDEV-13013.

Added more files affected by GCC ICE:
https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=67143