If we compare two items A and B, with B being (a constant) of a
larger type, then A gets promoted to B's type for comparison if
it's a constant, function, or CAST() column, but B gets demoted
to A's type if A is a (not explicitly CAST()) column. This is
counter-intuitive and not mandated by the standard.
 
Disabling optimisation where it would be lossy so field value
will properly get promoted and compared as binary string (rather
than as integers).

 Checking for NULL before calling the val_xxx()
 methods only checks for such arguments that are 
 known to be NULLs at compile time. 
 The arguments that may or may not contain
 NULLs (e.g. function calls and possibly others)
 are not checked at all.
 Fixed by first calling the val_xxx() method and
 then checking for null in SEC_TO_TIME().
 In addition QUARTER() was not returning 0 (as all the 
 val_int() functions do when processing a NULL value).

Consider double values as legal date{time} function's arguments
(i.e. allow dates in internal format YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.XXXXXX).

Fix tests for new behaviour: an error is thrown if a NON DETERMINISTIC
stored function (SF) is called during statement-based replication (SBR).

calling (rather than defining) non-deterministic SP in SBR (as opposed
to RBR or mixed) will throw an error now.

require mixed mode for tests now. SBR will now fail when calling
non-deter SPs and SFs (as it should), and RBR already failed by virtue of
giving different results for "show binlog" than the results-file has.
also test for 16456 now. lastly make amends because one of the tests
fails with a new error # now as code was added to sql_trigger.cc while
test was disabled.

As get_arg0_date() in the Item_func_last_day::get_date() returns 
0000-00-00 date sometimes, we have to check ltime->month for 0 after the call.

(4.1 version, with post-review fixes)
  
  The fix for another Bug (6439) limited FROM_UNIXTIME() to
  TIMESTAMP_MAX_VALUE which is 2145916799 or 2037-12-01 23:59:59 GMT,
  however unix timestamp in general is not considered to be limited 
  by this value. All dates up to power(2,31)-1 are valid.
  
  This patch extends allowed TIMESTAMP range so, that max
  TIMESTAMP value is power(2,31)-1. It also corrects
  FROM_UNIXTIME() and UNIX_TIMESTAMP() functions, so that
  max allowed UNIX_TIMESTAMP() is power(2,31)-1. FROM_UNIXTIME()
  is fixed accordingly to allow conversion of dates up to
  2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The patch also fixes CONVERT_TZ()
  function to allow extended range of dates.
  
  The main problem solved in the patch is possible overflows
  of variables, used in broken-time representation to time_t
  conversion (required for UNIX_TIMESTAMP).

From the manual:
date arithmetic operations require complete dates and do not work with
incomplete dates such as '2006-07-00' or badly malformed dates.

- bug #11655 "Wrong time is returning from nested selects - maximum time exists
- input and output TIME values were not validated properly in several conversion functions
- bug #20927 "sec_to_time treats big unsigned as signed"
- integer overflows were not checked in several functions. As a result, input values like 2^32 or 3600*2^32 were treated as 0
- BIGINT UNSIGNED values were treated as SIGNED in several functions
- in cases where both input string truncation and out-of-range TIME value occur, only 'truncated incorrect time value' warning was produced

- Type casting was not consequent, thus when adding a DATE type with
  a WEEK interval the result type was DATETIME and not DATE as is the
  norm.
- By changing the order of the date internal enumerations the deviant
  type casting is resolved (Item_date_add_interval::fix_length_and_dec()
  which determines result type for this operation assumes that addition
  of any interval with value <= INTERVAL_DAY to date value will result
  in date). There are two independant places to change:
  interval_names[] and interval_type.

  Added the test case for bug#21677: Wrong result when comparing a DATE and a DATETIME in BETWEEN
  Corrected a test case after removal of fix for bug#16377
query_cache.result, func_time.test, view.result, view.test, func_time.result:
  Corrected a test case after removal of fix for bug#16377
type_date.test:
  Added the test case for bug#21677: Wrong result when comparing a DATE and a DATETIME in BETWEEN
   Corrected a test case after removal of fix for bug#16377
item_cmpfunc.cc:
  Removed changes to the Item_func_between::fix_length_and_dec() made in the fix for bug#16377

  Corrected test case after removal of fix for bug#16377         
type_date.test:
  Corrected test case after removal of fix for bug#16377
item_cmpfunc.cc:
  Removed changes to the agg_cmp_type() made in the for bug#16377

Variable character_set_results can legally be NULL (for "no conversion.")
This could result in a NULL deref that crashed the server.  Fixed.

(Although ran some additional precursory tests to see whether I could break
anything else, but no breakage so far.)

Variable character_set_results can legally be NULL (for "no conversion.")
This could result in a NULL deref that crashed the server.  Fixed.

(Although ran some additional precursory tests to see whether I could break
anything else, but no breakage so far.)

time_format() claimed %H and %k would return at most two digits
(hours 0-23), but this coincided neither with actual behaviour
nor with docs.  this is not visible in simple queries; forcing
a temp-table is probably the easiest way to see this.  adjusted
the return-length appropriately; the alternative would be to
adjust the docs to say that behaviour for > 99 hours is undefined.
---
Bug#19844: time_format in Union truncates values

time_format() claimed %H and %k would return at most two digits
(hours 0-23), but this coincided neither with actual behaviour
nor with docs.  this is not visible in simple queries; forcing
a temp-table is probably the easiest way to see this.  adjusted
the return-length appropriately; the alternative would be to
adjust the docs to say that behaviour for > 99 hours is undefined.

str_to_date() would sometimes render NULL if %D was used as rule other than last.
since this was due to two pointers getting mixed up in the server, this behaviour
seemed somewhat non-deterministic at SQL level.

difference between timestamp in values of months and quarters.)

Problem:  when requesting timestamp diff in months or quarters, it
would only examine the date (and not the time) for the comparison.

Solution:  increased precision of comparison.

- Make the range-et-al optimizer produce E(#table records after table 
                                           condition is applied),
- Make the join optimizer use this value,
- Add "filtered" column to EXPLAIN EXTENDED to show 
  fraction of records left after table condition is applied
- Adjust test results, add comments

The problem was that we restored SQL_CACHE, SQL_NO_CACHE flags in SELECT
statement from internal structures based on value set later at runtime, not
the original value set by the user.

The solution is to remember that original value.

Dec. 31st, 9999 is still a valid date, only starting with Jan 1st 10000 things become invalid (Bug #12356)

  After merge fix

- The setting of "ENV{'TZ'}" doesn't affect the timezone
  used by MySQL Server on Windows.
- Explicitly set timezone to "+03:00" in test case before
  doing the calculatiosn to check that there is three hours
  difference between utc and local time.
(Magnus' fix)

  After merge fix

  After merge fix

can lead to a wrong result.

All date/time functions has the STRING result type thus their results are
compared as strings. The string date representation allows a user to skip 
some of leading zeros. This can lead to wrong comparison result if a date/time 
function result is compared to such a string constant.

The idea behind this bug fix is to compare results of date/time functions
and data/time constants as ints, because that date/time representation is 
more exact. To achieve this the agg_cmp_type() is changed to take in the
account that a date/time field or an date/time item should be compared 
as ints.

This bug fix is partially back ported from 5.0.

The agg_cmp_type() function now accepts THD as one of parameters. 
In addition, it now checks if a date/time field/function is present in the
list. If so, it tries to coerce all constants to INT to make date/time
comparison return correct result. The field for the constant coercion is
taken from the Item_field or constructed from the Item_func. In latter case
the constructed field will be freed after conversion of all constant items.
Otherwise the result is same as before - aggregated with help of the
item_cmp_type() function.

From the Item_func_between::fix_length_and_dec() function removed the part
which was converting date/time constants to int if possible. Now this is 
done by the agg_cmp_type() function.

The new function result_as_longlong() is added to the Item class. 
It indicates that the item is a date/time item and result of it can be
compared as int. Such items are date/time fields/functions.

Correct val_int() methods are implemented for classes Item_date_typecast, 
Item_func_makedate, Item_time_typecast, Item_datetime_typecast. All these
classes are derived from Item_str_func and Item_str_func::val_int() converts
its string value to int without regard to the date/time type of these items.

Arg_comparator::set_compare_func() and Arg_comparator::set_cmp_func()
functions are changed to substitute result type of an item with the INT_RESULT
if the item is a date/time item and another item is a constant. This is done
to get a correct result of comparisons like date_time_function() = string_constant.

This changeset is largely a handler cleanup changeset (WL#3281), but includes fixes and cleanups that was found necessary while testing the handler changes

Changes that requires code changes in other code of other storage engines.
(Note that all changes are very straightforward and one should find all issues
by compiling a --debug build and fixing all compiler errors and all
asserts in field.cc while running the test suite),

- New optional handler function introduced: reset()
  This is called after every DML statement to make it easy for a handler to
  statement specific cleanups.
  (The only case it's not called is if force the file to be closed)

- handler::extra(HA_EXTRA_RESET) is removed. Code that was there before
  should be moved to handler::reset()

- table->read_set contains a bitmap over all columns that are needed
  in the query.  read_row() and similar functions only needs to read these
  columns
- table->write_set contains a bitmap over all columns that will be updated
  in the query. write_row() and update_row() only needs to update these
  columns.
  The above bitmaps should now be up to date in all context
  (including ALTER TABLE, filesort()).

  The handler is informed of any changes to the bitmap after
  fix_fields() by calling the virtual function
  handler::column_bitmaps_signal(). If the handler does caching of
  these bitmaps (instead of using table->read_set, table->write_set),
  it should redo the caching in this code. as the signal() may be sent
  several times, it's probably best to set a variable in the signal
  and redo the caching on read_row() / write_row() if the variable was
  set.

- Removed the read_set and write_set bitmap objects from the handler class

- Removed all column bit handling functions from the handler class.
  (Now one instead uses the normal bitmap functions in my_bitmap.c instead
  of handler dedicated bitmap functions)

- field->query_id is removed. One should instead instead check
  table->read_set and table->write_set if a field is used in the query.

- handler::extra(HA_EXTRA_RETRIVE_ALL_COLS) and
  handler::extra(HA_EXTRA_RETRIEVE_PRIMARY_KEY) are removed. One should now
  instead use table->read_set to check for which columns to retrieve.

- If a handler needs to call Field->val() or Field->store() on columns
  that are not used in the query, one should install a temporary
  all-columns-used map while doing so. For this, we provide the following
  functions:

  my_bitmap_map *old_map= dbug_tmp_use_all_columns(table, table->read_set);
  field->val();
  dbug_tmp_restore_column_map(table->read_set, old_map);

  and similar for the write map:

  my_bitmap_map *old_map= dbug_tmp_use_all_columns(table, table->write_set);
  field->val();
  dbug_tmp_restore_column_map(table->write_set, old_map);

  If this is not done, you will sooner or later hit a DBUG_ASSERT
  in the field store() / val() functions.
  (For not DBUG binaries, the dbug_tmp_restore_column_map() and
  dbug_tmp_restore_column_map() are inline dummy functions and should
  be optimized away be the compiler).

- If one needs to temporary set the column map for all binaries (and not
  just to avoid the DBUG_ASSERT() in the Field::store() / Field::val()
  methods) one should use the functions tmp_use_all_columns() and
  tmp_restore_column_map() instead of the above dbug_ variants.

- All 'status' fields in the handler base class (like records,
  data_file_length etc) are now stored in a 'stats' struct. This makes
  it easier to know what status variables are provided by the base
  handler.  This requires some trivial variable names in the extra()
  function.

- New virtual function handler::records().  This is called to optimize
  COUNT(*) if (handler::table_flags() & HA_HAS_RECORDS()) is true.
  (stats.records is not supposed to be an exact value. It's only has to
  be 'reasonable enough' for the optimizer to be able to choose a good
  optimization path).

- Non virtual handler::init() function added for caching of virtual
  constants from engine.

- Removed has_transactions() virtual method. Now one should instead return
  HA_NO_TRANSACTIONS in table_flags() if the table handler DOES NOT support
  transactions.

- The 'xxxx_create_handler()' function now has a MEM_ROOT_root argument
  that is to be used with 'new handler_name()' to allocate the handler
  in the right area.  The xxxx_create_handler() function is also
  responsible for any initialization of the object before returning.

  For example, one should change:

  static handler *myisam_create_handler(TABLE_SHARE *table)
  {
    return new ha_myisam(table);
  }

  ->

  static handler *myisam_create_handler(TABLE_SHARE *table, MEM_ROOT *mem_root)
  {
    return new (mem_root) ha_myisam(table);
  }

- New optional virtual function: use_hidden_primary_key().
  This is called in case of an update/delete when
  (table_flags() and HA_PRIMARY_KEY_REQUIRED_FOR_DELETE) is defined
  but we don't have a primary key. This allows the handler to take precisions
  in remembering any hidden primary key to able to update/delete any
  found row. The default handler marks all columns to be read.

- handler::table_flags() now returns a ulonglong (to allow for more flags).

- New/changed table_flags()
  - HA_HAS_RECORDS	    Set if ::records() is supported
  - HA_NO_TRANSACTIONS	    Set if engine doesn't support transactions
  - HA_PRIMARY_KEY_REQUIRED_FOR_DELETE
                            Set if we should mark all primary key columns for
			    read when reading rows as part of a DELETE
			    statement. If there is no primary key,
			    all columns are marked for read.
  - HA_PARTIAL_COLUMN_READ  Set if engine will not read all columns in some
			    cases (based on table->read_set)
 - HA_PRIMARY_KEY_ALLOW_RANDOM_ACCESS
   			    Renamed to HA_PRIMARY_KEY_REQUIRED_FOR_POSITION.
 - HA_DUPP_POS              Renamed to HA_DUPLICATE_POS
 - HA_REQUIRES_KEY_COLUMNS_FOR_DELETE
			    Set this if we should mark ALL key columns for
			    read when when reading rows as part of a DELETE
			    statement. In case of an update we will mark
			    all keys for read for which key part changed
			    value.
  - HA_STATS_RECORDS_IS_EXACT
			     Set this if stats.records is exact.
			     (This saves us some extra records() calls
			     when optimizing COUNT(*))
			    

- Removed table_flags()
  - HA_NOT_EXACT_COUNT     Now one should instead use HA_HAS_RECORDS if
			   handler::records() gives an exact count() and
			   HA_STATS_RECORDS_IS_EXACT if stats.records is exact.
  - HA_READ_RND_SAME	   Removed (no one supported this one)

- Removed not needed functions ha_retrieve_all_cols() and ha_retrieve_all_pk()

- Renamed handler::dupp_pos to handler::dup_pos

- Removed not used variable handler::sortkey


Upper level handler changes:

- ha_reset() now does some overall checks and calls ::reset()
- ha_table_flags() added. This is a cached version of table_flags(). The
  cache is updated on engine creation time and updated on open.


MySQL level changes (not obvious from the above):

- DBUG_ASSERT() added to check that column usage matches what is set
  in the column usage bit maps. (This found a LOT of bugs in current
  column marking code).

- In 5.1 before, all used columns was marked in read_set and only updated
  columns was marked in write_set. Now we only mark columns for which we
  need a value in read_set.

- Column bitmaps are created in open_binary_frm() and open_table_from_share().
  (Before this was in table.cc)

- handler::table_flags() calls are replaced with handler::ha_table_flags()

- For calling field->val() you must have the corresponding bit set in
  table->read_set. For calling field->store() you must have the
  corresponding bit set in table->write_set. (There are asserts in
  all store()/val() functions to catch wrong usage)

- thd->set_query_id is renamed to thd->mark_used_columns and instead
  of setting this to an integer value, this has now the values:
  MARK_COLUMNS_NONE, MARK_COLUMNS_READ, MARK_COLUMNS_WRITE
  Changed also all variables named 'set_query_id' to mark_used_columns.

- In filesort() we now inform the handler of exactly which columns are needed
  doing the sort and choosing the rows.

- The TABLE_SHARE object has a 'all_set' column bitmap one can use
  when one needs a column bitmap with all columns set.
  (This is used for table->use_all_columns() and other places)

- The TABLE object has 3 column bitmaps:
  - def_read_set     Default bitmap for columns to be read
  - def_write_set    Default bitmap for columns to be written
  - tmp_set          Can be used as a temporary bitmap when needed.
  The table object has also two pointer to bitmaps read_set and write_set
  that the handler should use to find out which columns are used in which way.

- count() optimization now calls handler::records() instead of using
  handler->stats.records (if (table_flags() & HA_HAS_RECORDS) is true).

- Added extra argument to Item::walk() to indicate if we should also
  traverse sub queries.

- Added TABLE parameter to cp_buffer_from_ref()

- Don't close tables created with CREATE ... SELECT but keep them in
  the table cache. (Faster usage of newly created tables).


New interfaces:

- table->clear_column_bitmaps() to initialize the bitmaps for tables
  at start of new statements.

- table->column_bitmaps_set() to set up new column bitmaps and signal
  the handler about this.

- table->column_bitmaps_set_no_signal() for some few cases where we need
  to setup new column bitmaps but don't signal the handler (as the handler
  has already been signaled about these before). Used for the momement
  only in opt_range.cc when doing ROR scans.

- table->use_all_columns() to install a bitmap where all columns are marked
  as use in the read and the write set.

- table->default_column_bitmaps() to install the normal read and write
  column bitmaps, but not signaling the handler about this.
  This is mainly used when creating TABLE instances.

- table->mark_columns_needed_for_delete(),
  table->mark_columns_needed_for_delete() and
  table->mark_columns_needed_for_insert() to allow us to put additional
  columns in column usage maps if handler so requires.
  (The handler indicates what it neads in handler->table_flags())

- table->prepare_for_position() to allow us to tell handler that it
  needs to read primary key parts to be able to store them in
  future table->position() calls.
  (This replaces the table->file->ha_retrieve_all_pk function)

- table->mark_auto_increment_column() to tell handler are going to update
  columns part of any auto_increment key.

- table->mark_columns_used_by_index() to mark all columns that is part of
  an index.  It will also send extra(HA_EXTRA_KEYREAD) to handler to allow
  it to quickly know that it only needs to read colums that are part
  of the key.  (The handler can also use the column map for detecting this,
  but simpler/faster handler can just monitor the extra() call).

- table->mark_columns_used_by_index_no_reset() to in addition to other columns,
  also mark all columns that is used by the given key.

- table->restore_column_maps_after_mark_index() to restore to default
  column maps after a call to table->mark_columns_used_by_index().

- New item function register_field_in_read_map(), for marking used columns
  in table->read_map. Used by filesort() to mark all used columns

- Maintain in TABLE->merge_keys set of all keys that are used in query.
  (Simplices some optimization loops)

- Maintain Field->part_of_key_not_clustered which is like Field->part_of_key
  but the field in the clustered key is not assumed to be part of all index.
  (used in opt_range.cc for faster loops)

-  dbug_tmp_use_all_columns(), dbug_tmp_restore_column_map()
   tmp_use_all_columns() and tmp_restore_column_map() functions to temporally
   mark all columns as usable.  The 'dbug_' version is primarily intended
   inside a handler when it wants to just call Field:store() & Field::val()
   functions, but don't need the column maps set for any other usage.
   (ie:: bitmap_is_set() is never called)

- We can't use compare_records() to skip updates for handlers that returns
  a partial column set and the read_set doesn't cover all columns in the
  write set. The reason for this is that if we have a column marked only for
  write we can't in the MySQL level know if the value changed or not.
  The reason this worked before was that MySQL marked all to be written
  columns as also to be read. The new 'optimal' bitmaps exposed this 'hidden
  bug'.

- open_table_from_share() does not anymore setup temporary MEM_ROOT
  object as a thread specific variable for the handler. Instead we
  send the to-be-used MEMROOT to get_new_handler().
  (Simpler, faster code)



Bugs fixed:

- Column marking was not done correctly in a lot of cases.
  (ALTER TABLE, when using triggers, auto_increment fields etc)
  (Could potentially result in wrong values inserted in table handlers
  relying on that the old column maps or field->set_query_id was correct)
  Especially when it comes to triggers, there may be cases where the
  old code would cause lost/wrong values for NDB and/or InnoDB tables.

- Split thd->options flag OPTION_STATUS_NO_TRANS_UPDATE to two flags:
  OPTION_STATUS_NO_TRANS_UPDATE and OPTION_KEEP_LOG.
  This allowed me to remove some wrong warnings about:
  "Some non-transactional changed tables couldn't be rolled back"

- Fixed handling of INSERT .. SELECT and CREATE ... SELECT that wrongly reset
  (thd->options & OPTION_STATUS_NO_TRANS_UPDATE) which caused us to loose
  some warnings about
  "Some non-transactional changed tables couldn't be rolled back")

- Fixed use of uninitialized memory in ha_ndbcluster.cc::delete_table()
  which could cause delete_table to report random failures.

- Fixed core dumps for some tests when running with --debug

- Added missing FN_LIBCHAR in mysql_rm_tmp_tables()
  (This has probably caused us to not properly remove temporary files after
  crash)

- slow_logs was not properly initialized, which could maybe cause
  extra/lost entries in slow log.

- If we get an duplicate row on insert, change column map to read and
  write all columns while retrying the operation. This is required by
  the definition of REPLACE and also ensures that fields that are only
  part of UPDATE are properly handled.  This fixed a bug in NDB and
  REPLACE where REPLACE wrongly copied some column values from the replaced
  row.

- For table handler that doesn't support NULL in keys, we would give an error
  when creating a primary key with NULL fields, even after the fields has been
  automaticly converted to NOT NULL.

- Creating a primary key on a SPATIAL key, would fail if field was not
  declared as NOT NULL.


Cleanups:

- Removed not used condition argument to setup_tables

- Removed not needed item function reset_query_id_processor().

- Field->add_index is removed. Now this is instead maintained in
  (field->flags & FIELD_IN_ADD_INDEX)

- Field->fieldnr is removed (use field->field_index instead)

- New argument to filesort() to indicate that it should return a set of
  row pointers (not used columns). This allowed me to remove some references
  to sql_command in filesort and should also enable us to return column
  results in some cases where we couldn't before.

- Changed column bitmap handling in opt_range.cc to be aligned with TABLE
  bitmap, which allowed me to use bitmap functions instead of looping over
  all fields to create some needed bitmaps. (Faster and smaller code)

- Broke up found too long lines

- Moved some variable declaration at start of function for better code
  readability.

- Removed some not used arguments from functions.
  (setup_fields(), mysql_prepare_insert_check_table())

- setup_fields() now takes an enum instead of an int for marking columns
   usage.

- For internal temporary tables, use handler::write_row(),
  handler::delete_row() and handler::update_row() instead of
  handler::ha_xxxx() for faster execution.

- Changed some constants to enum's and define's.

- Using separate column read and write sets allows for easier checking
  of timestamp field was set by statement.

- Remove calls to free_io_cache() as this is now done automaticly in ha_reset()

- Don't build table->normalized_path as this is now identical to table->path
  (after bar's fixes to convert filenames)

- Fixed some missed DBUG_PRINT(.."%lx") to use "0x%lx" to make it easier to
  do comparision with the 'convert-dbug-for-diff' tool.


Things left to do in 5.1:

- We wrongly log failed CREATE TABLE ... SELECT in some cases when using
  row based logging (as shown by testcase binlog_row_mix_innodb_myisam.result)
  Mats has promised to look into this.

- Test that my fix for CREATE TABLE ... SELECT is indeed correct.
  (I added several test cases for this, but in this case it's better that
  someone else also tests this throughly).
  Lars has promosed to do this.

if input year for date_add() / date_sub() with INTERVAL is low enough for
calc_daynr() to possibly return incorrect results (calc_daynr() has no information
on whether the year is low because it was a two-digit year ('77) or because it
was a really low four-digit year (0077) and will indiscriminately try to turn the
value into a four-digit year by adding 1900 or 2000 respectively), the functions
will now throw NULL.

If the second or the third argument of a BETWEEN predicate was
a constant expression, like '2005.09.01' - INTERVAL 6 MONTH,
while the other two arguments were fields then the predicate 
was evaluated incorrectly and the query returned a wrong
result set.
The bug was introduced in 5.0.17 when in the fix for 12612.

  -issue more correct message for incorrect date|datetime|time values
  -ER_WARN_DATA_OUT_OF_RANGE message is changed
  -added new error message