mariadb-backup with --prepare option could result in empty redo log
file. When --prepare is followed by --prepare --export, we exit early
in srv_start function without opening the ibdata1 tablespace. Later
while trying to read rollback segment header page, we hit the debug
assert which claims that the system space should already have been
opened.

There are two assert cases here.

Issue-1: System tablespace object is not there in fil space hash i.e.
srv_sys_space.open_or_create() is not called.

Issue-2: The system tablespace data file ibdata1 is not opened i.e.
fil_system.sys_space->open() is not called.

Fix: For empty redo log and restore operation, open system tablespace
before returning.

THE FIX MUST NOT BE MERGED TO 10.6+, BECAUSE 10.6+ IS NOT AFFECTED!

The test is waiting for delete-marked record purging. But this does not
happen under the following conditions:

1. "START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT" - is active, has not
been rolled back yet
2. "DELETE FROM t WHERE b = 20 # trx_1" - is committed
3. "INSERT INTO t VALUES(10, 20) # trx_2" - hanging on
"ib_after_row_insert" sync point, waiting for "first_ins_cont" signal
4. "DELETE FROM t WHERE b = 20 # trx_3" - blocked on delete-marked by
trx_1 record, waiting for trx_2
5. connection "default" is waiting on
'now WAIT_FOR row_purge_del_mark_finished'

purge_coordinator_callback_low() sets

purge_state.m_history_length= srv_do_purge(&n_total_purged);

even if nothing was purged, like in our case. Nothing was purged because
transaction with consistent snapshot was still alive during purging
procedure.

Then purge_coordinator_timer_callback() does not wake purge thread if
the following condition is true:

purge_state.m_history_length == trx_sys.rseg_history_len

The above condition is true for our case, because we are waiting for
delete-marked record purging, and trx_sys.rseg_history_len does not
grow.

Only 10.5 is affected, because there is no such condition in 10.6, i.e.
purge thread is woken up even if history size was not changed during
purge coordinator thread suspending.

The easiest way to fix it is just to remove the test from 10.5.

- Failed to reset the innodb_fil_make_page_dirty_debug variable in
innodb_saved_page_number_debug_basic test case.

Without an OS error it could one of the many errors from write.

MDEV-18288 Transportable Tablespaces leave AUTO_INCREMENT in mismatched state, causing INSERT errors in newly imported tables when .cfg is not used.

During import, if cfg file is not specified, we don't update the autoinc
field in innodb dictionary object dict_table_t. The next insert tries to
insert from the starting position of auto increment and fails.

It can be observed that the issue is resolved once server is restarted
as the persistent value is read correctly from PAGE_ROOT_AUTO_INC from
index root page. The patch fixes the issue by reading the the auto
increment value directly from PAGE_ROOT_AUTO_INC during import if cfg
file is not specified.

Test Fix:

1. import_bugs.test: Embedded mode warning has absolute path. Regular
expression replacement in test.

2. full_crc32_import.test: Table level auto increment mismatch after
import. It was using the auto increment data from the table prior to
discard and import which is not right. This value has cached auto
increment value higher than the actual inserted value and value stored
in PAGE_ROOT_AUTO_INC. Updated the result file and added validation for
checking the maximum value of auto increment column.

This bug led to wrong result sets returned by the second execution of
prepared statements from selects using mergeable derived tables pushed
into external engine. Such derived tables are always materialized. The
decision that they have to be materialized is taken late in the function
mysql_derived_optimized(). For regular derived tables this decision is
usually taken at the prepare phase. However in some cases for some derived
tables this decision is made in mysql_derived_optimized() too. It can be
seen in the code of mysql_derived_fill() that for such a derived table it's
critical to change its translation table to tune it to the fields of the
temporary table used for materialization of the derived table and this
must be done after each refill of the derived table. The same actions are
needed for derived tables pushed into external engines.

Approved by Oleksandr Byelkin <sanja@mariadb.com>

@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
 select straight_join * from t0, part ignore index (primary)
 where p_partkey=t0.a and p_size=1;
 id	select_type	table	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	Extra
-1	SIMPLE	t0	ALL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	5	Using where
+1	SIMPLE	t0	ALL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	6	Using where
 1	SIMPLE	part	eq_ref	i_p_size	i_p_size	9	const,dbt3_s001.t0.a	1

Variant#3: moved the logic out of create_key_parts_for_pseudo_indexes

Range Analyzer (get_mm_tree functions) can only process up to MAX_KEY=64
indexes. The problem was that calculate_cond_selectivity_for_table used
it to estimate selectivities for columns, and since a table can
have > MAX_KEY columns, would invoke Range Analyzer with more than MAX_KEY
"pseudo-indexes".

Fixed by making calculate_cond_selectivity_for_table() to run Range
Analyzer with at most MAX_KEY pseudo-indexes. If there are more
columns to process, Range Analyzer will be invoked multiple times.

Also made this change:
-    param.real_keynr[0]= 0;
+    MEM_UNDEFINED(&param.real_keynr, sizeof(param.real_keynr));

Range Analyzer should have no use on real_keynr when it is run with
pseudo-indexes.

mariadb-backup:

Adding a function get_os_user() to detect the OS user name
if the user name is not specified, to make mariadb-backup:
- work like MariaDB client tools work
- match its --help page, which says:

  -u, --user=name This option specifies the username used when
  connecting to the server, if that's not the current user.

MDEV-33355 Add a Galera-2-node-to-MariaDB replication MTR test cloning the slave with mariadb-backup

Replication from a 2-node Galera cluster to a regular MariaDB server.
Cloning the slave using mariadb-backup.

According to the standard, the autoincrement column (i.e. *identity
column*) should be advanced each insert implicitly made by
UPDATE/DELETE ... FOR PORTION.

This is very unconvenient use in several notable cases. Concider a
WITHOUT OVERLAPS key with an autoinc column:
id int auto_increment, unique(id, p without overlaps)

An update or delete with FOR PORTION creates a sense that id will remain
unchanged in such case.

The standard's IDENTITY reminds MariaDB's AUTO_INCREMENT, however
the generation rules differ in many ways. For example, there's also a
notion autoincrement index, which is bound to the autoincrement field.

We will define our own generation rule for the PORTION OF operations
involving AUTO_INCREMENT:
* If an autoincrement index contains WITHOUT OVERLAPS specification, then
a new value should not be generated, otherwise it should.

Apart from WITHOUT OVERLAPS there is also another notable case, referred
by the reporter - a unique key that has an autoincrement column and a field
from the period specification:
  id int auto_increment, unique(id, s), period for p(s, e)

for this case, no exception is made, and the autoincrementing rules will be
proceeded accordung to the standard (i.e. the value will be advanced on
implicit inserts).

test disabled, until fixed

Reason:
======
undo_space_dblwr test case fails if the first page of undo
tablespace is not flushed before restart the server. While
restarting the server, InnoDB fails to detect the first
page of undo tablespace from doublewrite buffer.

Fix:
===
Use "ib_log_checkpoint_avoid_hard" debug sync point
to avoid checkpoint and make sure to flush the
dirtied page before killing the server.

innodb_make_page_dirty(): Fails to set
srv_fil_make_page_dirty_debug variable.

rpl.rpl_seconds_behind_master_spike uses the DEBUG_SYNC mechanism to
count how many format descriptor events (FDEs) have been executed,
to attempt to pause on a specific relay log FDE after executing
transactions. However, depending on when the IO thread is stopped,
it can send an extra FDE before sending the transactions, forcing
the test to pause before executing any transactions, resulting in a
table not existing, that is attempted to be read for COUNT.

This patch fixes this by no longer counting FDEs, but rather by
programmatically waiting until the SQL thread has executed the
transaction and then automatically activating the DEBUG_SYNC point
to trigger at the next relay log FDE.

There is no need for CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR parameter in Debian
build as dh_auto_configure should handle things better and
more reliable

A debug_sync signal could remain for the SQL thread that should have begun
a wait_for upon seeing a GTID event, but would instead see the old signal
and continue on without waiting. This broke an "idle" condition in
SHOW SLAVE STATUS
which should have automatically negated Seconds_Behind_Master. Instead,
because the SQL thread had already processed the GTID event, it set
sql_thread_caught_up to false, and thereby calculated the value of
Seconds_behind_master, when the test expected 0.

This patch fixes this by resetting the debug_sync state before creating a
new transaction which sends a GTID event to the replica

With this patch, 4-component MSI version can be used, e.g by setting
TINY_VERSION variable in CMake, or by adding a string, e.g
MYSQL_VERSION_EXTRA=-2
which sets TINY_VERSION to 2, and also changes the package name.

The 4-component MSI versions do not support MSI major upgrades, only minor
ones, i.e do not reinstall components, just update existing ones based
on versioning rules.

To support these rules, add DefaultVersion for the files that won't
otherwise be versioned - headers, static and import libraries,
pdbs, text - xml, python and perl scripts Also silence WiX warning
that MSI won't store hashes for those files anymore.

There are two array fields in spider_share with similar names:

share->use_sql_dbton_ids that maps from i to the i-th dbton used by
share. Thus it should be used only when i iterates over all distinct
dbtons used by share.

share->sql_dbton_ids that maps from i to the dbton used by the i-th
link of the share. Thus it should be used only when i iterates over
all links of a share.

We correct instances where share->sql_dbton_ids should be used instead
of share->use_sql_dbton_ids.

write_record() when performing REPLACE has an optimization:
- if the unique violation happened in the last unique key, then do UPDATE
- otherwise, do DELETE+INSERT

This patch changes the way of detecting if this optimization
can be applied if the table has long (hash based) unique
(i.e. UNIQUE..USING HASH) constraints.

Problem:

The old condition did not take into account that
TABLE_SHARE and TABLE see long uniques differently:
- TABLE_SHARE sees as HA_KEY_ALG_LONG_HASH and HA_NOSAME
- TABLE sees as usual non-unique indexes
So the old condition could erroneously decide that the UPDATE optimization
is possible when there are still some unique hash constraints in the table.

Fix:

- If the current key is a long unique, it now works as follows:

  UPDATE can be done if the current long unique is the last
  long unique, and there are no in-engine (normal) uniques.

- For in-engine uniques nothing changes, it still works as before:

  If the current key is an in-engine (normal) unique:
  UPDATE can be done if it is the last normal unique.

Turning REGEXP_REPLACE into two schema-qualified functions:
- mariadb_schema.regexp_replace()
- oracle_schema.regexp_replace()

Fixing oracle_schema.regexp_replace(subj,pattern,replacement) to treat
NULL in "replacement" as an empty string.

Adding new classes implementing oracle_schema.regexp_replace():
- Item_func_regexp_replace_oracle
- Create_func_regexp_replace_oracle

Adding helper methods:
- String *Item::val_str_null_to_empty(String *to)
- String *Item::val_str_null_to_empty(String *to, bool null_to_empty)

and reusing these methods in both Item_func_replace and
Item_func_regexp_replace.

When CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES isn't set we end up with
"Packaging as: mariadb-10.4.33-osx10.19-x86_64" on arm64 builders.

Instead of implying 64bit is x86, use CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR to form
the filename.

More in depth check to cover all used readline functions.

use the original, not the truncated, field in the long unique prefix,
that is, in the hash(left(field, length)) expression.

because MyISAM CHECK/REPAIR in compute_vcols() moves table->field
but not prefix fields from keyparts.

Also, implement Field_string::cmp_prefix() for prefix comparison
of CHAR columns to work.

no need to use it when both arguments have the same length

use thd->start_time for the "start_time" column of the slow_log table.
"current_time" here refers to the current_time() function return value
not to the actual *current* time.

also fixes
MDEV-33267 User with minimal permissions can intentionally corrupt mysql.slow_log table

should fix numerous failures of main.bootstrap tets

Undo any Windows behaviour changes.