don't use ps2 mode for selects with side effects

Add LOCK_ALTER_TABE_COPY bit to old_mode. Disables online copy by default,
but still allows to force it with explicit lock=none

... upon replicating online ALTER

When an online event is applied and slave_exec_mode is idempotent,
Write_rows_log_event::do_before_row_operations had reset
thd->lex->sql_command to SQLCOM_REPLACE.

This led to that a statement was detected as a row-type during binlogging,
and was logged as not standalone.

So the corresponding Gtid_log_event, when applied on replica, did not exit
early and created a new PSI transaction. Hence the difference with
non-online ALTER.

Pack these fields together:
event_owns_temp_buf
cache_type
slave_exec_mode
checksum_alg

Make them bitfields to fit a single 2-byte hole.

This saves 24 bytes per event.

SLAVE_EXEC_MODE_LAST_BIT is rewritten as

> SLAVE_EXEC_MODE_LAST= SLAVE_EXEC_MODE_IDEMPOTENT

to avoid a false-positive -Wbitfield-enum-conversion warning:
Bit-field 'slave_exec_mode' is not wide enough to store all enumerators of
'enum_slave_exec_mode'.

Replica honors its own binlog_row_image value when it sets up read_set.
When a slave thread is applying replicated row events in parallel with the
running online alter, we need all columns to be read from the table
(for the online alter logged row event) not only those that were present in
the pre-image for the replicated row event.

Avoid shrinking the set when online alter is running, i.e. leave it all set

s3 is read-only. No need to update to a read-only engine with LOCK=NONE.

Forbid Online for CONNECT.

Adding an auto_increment column online leads to an undefined behavior.
Basically any DEFAULTs that depend on a row order in the table, or on
the non-deterministic (in scope of the ALTER TABLE statement) function
is UB.

For example, NOW() is considered generally non-deterministic
(Item_func_now_utc is marked with VCOL_NON_DETERMINISTIC), but it's fixed
in scope of a single statement.

Same for any other function that depends only on the session/status vars
apart from its arguments.

Only two UB cases are known:
* adding new AUTO_INCREMENT column. Modifying the existing column may be
fine under certain circumstances, see MDEV-31058.
* adding new column with DEFAULT(nextval(...)). Modifying the existing
column is possible, since its value will be always present in the online
event, except for the NULL -> NOT NULL modification

Add a new virtual function that will increase the inserted rows count
for the insert log event and decrease it for the delete event.

Reuses Rows_log_event::m_row_count on the replication side, which was only
set on the logging side.

Forbid online for sequences. It doesn't work now and sequence tables are
always only one row, so not worth the extra complexity.

The deadlock was caused by too strong MDL acquired by the start ALTER.

Replica's ALTER TABLE replication consists of two phases:
1. Start ALTER (SA) -- the event is emittd in the very beginning,
allowing replication start ALTER in parallel
2. Commit ALTER (CA) -- ensures that master finishes successfully

CA is normally received by wait_for_master call.
If parallel DML was run, the following sequence will take place:

|- SA
|- DML
|- CA

If CA is handled after MDL upgrade, it'll will deadlock with DML.

While MDL is shared by the start ALTER wait for its 2nd part
to allow concurrent DMLs to grab the lock.

The fix uses wait_for_master reentrancy -- no need to avoid a second call
in the end of mysql_alter_table.

Since SA and CA are marked with FL_DDL, the DML issued in-between cannot be
rescheduled before or after them. However, SA "commits" (by he call of
write_bin_log_start_alter and, subsequently,
thd->wakeup_subsequent_commits) before the copy stage begins, unlocking
the DMLs to run on this table. That is, these DMLs will be executed
concurrently with the copy stage, making Online alter effective on replicas
as well

Co-authored-by: Nikita Malyavin (nikitamalyavin@gmail.com)

Make binlog_prepare_row_images accept image type as an argument.

1. Make online disk writes unlimited, same as filesort does.
2. Make proper error handling -- in 32-bit build IO_CACHE capacity limit is
4GB, so it is quite possible to overfill there.
3. Event_log::write_cache complicated with event reparsing, and as it was
proven by QA, contains some mistakes. Rewrite introbuce a simpler and much
faster version, not featuring reparsing and therefore copying a whole
buffer at once. This also disables checksums and crypto.
4. Handle read_log_event errors correctly: error returned is -1 (eof
signal for alter table), and my_error is not called. Call my_error and
always return 1. There's no test for this, since it shouldn't happen,
see the next bullet.
5. An event could be written partially in case of error, if it's bigger
than the IO_CACHE buffer. Restore the position where it was before the
error was emitted.

As a result, online alter is untied of several binlog variables, which was
a second aim of this patch.

Report correct algorithm in the error message.

Don't skip row_end if it wasn't set explicitly.

Also another segfault was caused by accessing rpl_write_set on slave during
the row update/delete.
The reason was a default_column_bitmaps() call, which also sets
rpl_write_set to NULL.
Previously, the related behavior was changed in commit afd3ee97ad, where
one such call was removed from Update_rows_log_event::do_exec_row, but the
same one was mistakenly left in Delete_rows_log_event. Now it's also
removed.

The correct (best) algorithm is now chosen for ALGORITHM=DEFAULT
and alter_algorithm=DEFAULT

See also MDEV-30906

Group all the checks in online_alter_check_supported().

There is now two groups of checks:
1. A technical availability of online, that is checked before open_tables,
and affects table_list->lock_type. It's supposed to be safe to make it
TL_READ even if COPY algorithm will fall back to not-online, since MDL is
SHARED_UPGRADEABLE anyway.
2. An 'online' availability for a COPY algorithm. It can be done as late as
just before the copy_data_between_tables call. The lock_type influence is
disclosed above, so the only other place it affects is
Alter_info::supports_lock, where `online` flag is only used to decide
whether to report the error at the inplace preparation stage. We'd want to
make that at the last resort, which is COPY preparation, if no algorithm is
chosen by the user. So it's event better now.

Some changes are required to the autoinc support detection, as the check
now happens after mysql_prepare_alter_table:
* alter_info->drop_list is empty
* instead, dropped columns are in tmp_set
* alter_info->create_list now has every field that's in the new table.
* the column definition's change.str will be nonnull whether the column
  remains in the new table (vs whether it was changed, as before).
  But it also has `field` field set.
* IF EXISTS doesn't have to be dealt anymore

This infers that the changes are now checked in more detail: a field's
definition shouldn't be changed, vs a field shouldn't be mentioned in
the CHANGE list, as it was before. This is reflected by the line 193 test.

Also update abi declarations. The abi itself is unchanged, since const
doesn't affect C-style exported name.

disabie view-protocol for certain places:
1. While a transaction is in progress: a view gets locked for a
transaction duration, so DROP VIEW from a servicing conneciton
deadlocks. We can't just disable servicing connection, as
CREATE VIEW and DROP VIEW commit implicitly.
2. For querying Opened_table_definitions: the actual query executed
is `SELECT * FROM mysqltest_tmp_v`, then the view is dropped

Skip more rpl-related error handling.
Also move the error check inside if (table) -- otherwise the error
should be handled already.

Online alter and replication paths differ quite noticeably. It's time to
fix the mess. Online alter has to unpack the old table's data
(here conv_table), and then convert, while replication requires more
sophisticated track: handle possible conversions, treat extra replica
fields, and carefully deduce master's record length.

* Extract unpack_field.
* handle the unpacking progress through a state machine presented by
  Unpack_record_state struct.
* Stick most of the online alter unpacking together under a single
  conditional branch.

When column is changed to autoinc, ALTER TABLE may update zero/NULL values,
if NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO mode is not enabled.

Forbid this for LOCK=NONE for the unreliable cases.
The cases are described in online_alter_check_autoinc.

when committing a big transaction, online_alter_cache_log creates a cache
file. It wasn't properly closed, which was spotted by a memory leak from
my_register_filename. A temporary file also remained open.

Binlog wasn't affected by this, since it features its own file management.

A proper closing is calling close_cached_file. It deinits io_cache and
closes the underlying file. After closing, the file is expected to be
deleted automagically.

Non-transactional engines changes are visible immediately the row operation
succeeds, so we should apply the changes to the online buffer immediately
after the statement ends.

The row events were applied "twice": once for the ha_partition, and one
more time for the underlying storage engine.

There's no such problem in binlog/rpl, because ha_partiton::row_logging
is normally set to false.

The fix makes the events replicate only when the handler is a root handler.
We will try to *guess* this by comparing it to table->file. The same
approach is used in the MDEV-21540 fix, 231feabd. The assumption is made,
that the row methods are only called for table->file (and never for a
cloned handler), hence the assertions are added in ha_innobase and
ha_myisam to make sure that this is true at least for those engines

Also closes MDEV-31040, however the test is not included, since we have no
convenient way to construct a deterministic version.

...in bitmap_intersect

m_cols_ai was accessed during the Delete event, however this field is only
related to Updates.

Moving it to Update_rows_event would require too much effort. So instead:
* Only access m_cols_ai in Update events (conditional branch is added in
  Rows_log_event::do_add_row_data)
* Clean up m_cols_ai operations in Rows_log_event constructor.
  m_cols_ai.bitmap is first set to NULL, indicating invalid event.
  Then it is initialized:
  -> For Update events, a new bitmap is created.
  -> For other events, debug mode, m_cols_ai.bitmap is set to 1, indicating
     that the value is correct, but it shouldn't be accessed. To make sure
     we'll have a failure, n_bits is also set to 1.
  -> In release mode, m_cols_ai mirrors m_cols, providing extra safety
     in production.

Modernize declaration to C++11.
Add missing const.
Convert TYPE_CODE to constexpr.

Assertion `!table->versioned(VERS_TRX_ID)' failed in
Write_rows_log_event::binlog_row_logging_function during ONLINE ALTER.

trxid-versioned tables can't be replicated.
ONLINE ALTER will also be forbidden for these tables.

The bug is inherent for row-based replication as well.
To reproduce, a virtual (not stored) field of a blob type computed from
another field of a different blob type is required.

The following happens during an update or delete row event:
1. A row is unpacked.
2. Virtual fields are updated. Field b1 stores the pointer in
   Field_blob::value and references it in table->record[0].
3. record[0] is stored to record[1] in Rows_log_event::find_row.
4. A new record is fetched from handler. (e.g. ha_rnd_next)
5. Virtual columns are updated (only non-stored).
6. Field b1 receives new value. Old value is deallocated
   (Field_blob::val_str).
7. record_compare is called. record[0] and record[1] are compared.
8. record[1] contains a reference to a freed value.

record_compare is used in replication to find a matching record for update
or delete. Virtual columns that are not stored should be definitely skipped
both for correctness, and for this bug fix.

STORED virtual columns, on the other hand, may be required and shouldn't be
skipped. Stored columns are not affected, since they are not updated after
handler's fetch.

ASAN showed use-after-free in binlog_online_alter_end_trans, during
running through thd->online_alter_cache_list.

In online_alter_binlog_get_cache_data, new_cache_data was allocated on
thd->mem_root, in case of autocommit=1, but this mem_root could be freed
in sp_head::execute, upon using stored functions.

It appears that thd->transaction->mem_root exists even in single-stmt
transaction mode (i.e autocommit=1), so it can be used in all cases.
This mem_root will remain valid till the end of transaction, including
commit phase.

This is the corner case of ONLINE ALTER vs ha_maria vs App-time Periods.

When a Delete_rows_event (or update) is executed, a lookup handler may be
created, normally to serve long unique index needs, by a call of
handler::prepare_for_insert. This function also creates a lookup handler
if an application-time period exists in a table.

A difference with a usual call of prepare_for_insert is that transactions
are disabled for this table during ALTER TABLE. See
mysql_trans_prepare_alter_copy_data call in copy_data_between_tables.

Then, ha_maria calls _ma_tmp_disable_logging_for_table during
ha_maria::external_lock. It never happened so before, that two handlers
would be created for write to a single ha_maria table under transactions
disabled.

Hence, the fix handles this scenario.
It could be done otherwise, by not creating this lookup handler (since it's
not used anyway during ONLINE ALTER), but architecturally, two handlers
should be supported.

Avoiding the creation of lookup handler could be done here additionally,
but with a cost of slowing down other more generic cases, with an
additional check of online alter table active.