- Move ca/cert/key out of query part into credentials part of URL
- As a consequence move cluster name out of credentials part into path part
- Allow both neo:// and neos:// schemes to be used.
  neo:// means always without SSL and neos:// means always with SSL.
  Even if neos:// URL comes without credentials embedded into it - they
  can be obtained from elsewhere.

I need this change in wendelin.core 2 which needs to take a zurl and
compute a mountpoint patch that corresponds to it, so that multiple
several zopes that use the same NEO storage, could be associated with
the same single WCFS instance.

This is 2020 edition of my original patch from 2016 ( kirr/neo@dd3bb8b4 ).

It was described in my NEO/go article ( https://navytux.spb.ru/~kirr/neo.html )
in the text quoted below:

    Then comes the link layer which provides service to exchange messages over
    network. In current NEO/py every message has `msg_id` field, that similarly to
    ZEO/py marks a request with serial number with requester then waiting for
    corresponding answer to come back with the same message id. Even though there
    might be several reply messages coming back to a single request, as e.g. NEO/py
    asynchronous replication code[0], this approach is still similar to ZEO/py
    remote procedure call (RPC) model because of single request semantic. One of
    the places where this limitation shows is the same replicator code where
    transactions metadata is fetched first with first series of RPC calls, and only
    then object data is fetched with the second series of RPC calls. This could be
    not very good e.g. in case when there is a lot of transactions/data to
    synchronize, because 1) it puts assumption on, and so constraints, the storage
    backend model on how data is stored (separate SQL tables for metadata and
    data), and 2) no data will be synchronized at all until all transactions are
    synchronized first. The second point prevents for example the syncing storage
    in turn to provide, even if read-only, service for the already fetched data.
    What would be maybe more useful is for requester to send request that it wants
    to fetch ZODB data in `tid_min..tid_max` range and then the sender sending
    intermixed stream of metadata/data in zodbdump-like format.

    Keeping in mind this, and other examples, NEO/go shifts from thinking about
    protocol logic as RPC to thinking of it as more general network protocol and
    settles to provide general connection-oriented message exchange service[1] :
    whenever a message with new `msg_id` is sent, a new connection is established
    multiplexed on top of a single node-node TCP link. Then it is possible to
    send/receive arbitrary messages over back and forth until so established
    connection is closed. This works transparently to NEO/py who still thinks it
    operates in simple RPC mode because of the way messages are put on the wire and
    because simple RPC is subset of a general exchange.  The `neonet` module also
    provides `DialLink` and `ListenLink` primitives[2] that work similarly to
    standard Go `net.Dial` and `net.Listen` but wrap so created link into the
    multiplexing layer. What is actually done this way is very similar to HTTP/2
    which also provides multiple general streams multiplexing on top of a single
    TCP connection ([3], [4]).  However if connection ids (sent in place of
    `msg_id` on the wire) are assigned arbitrary, there could be a case when two
    nodes could try to initiate two new different connections to each other with
    the same connection id. To prevent such kind of conflict a simple rule to
    allocate connection ids either even or odd, depending on the role peer played
    while establishing the link, could be used. HTTP/2 takes similar approach[5]
    where `"Streams initiated by a client MUST use odd-numbered stream identifiers;
    those initiated by the server MUST use even-numbered stream identifiers."` with
    NEO/go doing the same corresponding to who was originally dialer and who was a
    listener. However it requires small patch to be applied on NEO/py side to
    increment `msg_id` by 2 instead of 1.

    NEO/py currently explicitly specifies `msg_id` for an answer in only limited
    set of cases, by default assuming a reply comes to the last received message
    whose `msg_id` it remembers globally per TCP-link. This approach is error-prone
    and cannot generally work in cases where several simultaneous requests are
    received over single link. This way NEO/go does not maintain any such global
    per-link knowledge and handles every request by always explicitly using
    corresponding connection object created at request reception time.

    [0] https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/blob/463ef9ad/neo/storage/replicator.py
    [1] https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/blob/463ef9ad/go/neo/neonet/connection.go
    [2] https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/blob/463ef9ad/go/neo/neonet/newlink.go
    [3] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-5
    [4] https://http2.github.io/faq/#why-is-http2-multiplexed
    [5] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-5.1.1

It can be criticized, but the fact is:

- it does no harm to NEO/py and is backward-compatible: a NEO/py node
  without this patch can still successfully connect and interoperate to
  another NEO/py node with this patch.

- it is required for NEO/go to be able to interoperate with NEO/py.
  Both client and server parts of NEO/go use the same neonet module to exchange messages.

- NEO/go client is used by wendelin.core 2, which organizes access to on-ZODB
  ZBigFile data via WCFS filesystem implemented in Go.

So on one side this patch is small, simple and does not do any harm to NEO/py.
On the other side it is required for NEO/go and wendelin.core 2.

To me this clearly indicates that there should be no good reason to reject
inclusion of this patch into NEO/py.

--------

My original patch from 2016 came with corresponding adjustments to neo/tests/testConnection.py
( kirr/neo@dd3bb8b4 )
but commit f6eb02b4 (Remove packet timeouts; 2017-05-04) removed testConnection.py
completely and, if I understand correctly, did not add any other test to
compensate that. This way I'm not trying to restore my tests to
Connection neither.

Anyway, with this patch there is no regression to all other existing NEO/py tests.

--------

My original patch description from 2016 follows:

- even for server initiated streams
- odd  for client initiated streams

This way I will be able to use Pkt.msg_id as real stream_id in go's Conn
because with even / odd scheme there is no possibility for id conflicts
in between two peers.

Between NEO/go and NEO/py there are various incompatibilities.
This branch aims to transparently communicate those incompatibilities.
We can also specify a SR in SlapOS which uses this branch in case
someone aims to use WC2.

Here we start from the old-proto (e.g. pre-messagepack) branch, because
in NEO/go msgpack support isn't fully implemented yet. This isn't
considered as an incompatibility but simply as a remaining TODO on
NEO/go side.

(cherry picked from commit ba0bc779)

(cherry picked from commit fa581be5)

======================================================================
FAIL: check_tid_ordering_w_commit (neo.tests.zodb.testBasic.BasicTests)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "ZODB/tests/BasicStorage.py", line 397, in check_tid_ordering_w_commit
    self.assertEqual(results.pop('lastTransaction'), tids[1])
  File "neo/tests/__init__.py", line 301, in assertEqual
    return super(NeoTestBase, self).assertEqual(first, second, msg=msg)
failureException: '\x03\xd8\x85H\xbffp\xbb' != '\x03\xd8\x85H\xbfs\x0b\xdd'

(cherry picked from commit f4cb59d2)

This requires ZODB >= 5.6.0

(cherry picked from commit a7d101ec)

(cherry picked from commit 43029be2)

This fixes the following assertion:

  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "neo/master/app.py", line 172, in run
      self._run()
    File "neo/master/app.py", line 182, in _run
      self.playPrimaryRole()
    File "neo/master/app.py", line 302, in playPrimaryRole
      self.backup_app.provideService())
    File "neo/master/backup_app.py", line 114, in provideService
      node, conn = bootstrap.getPrimaryConnection()
    File "neo/lib/bootstrap.py", line 74, in getPrimaryConnection
      poll(1)
    File "neo/lib/event.py", line 160, in poll
      to_process.process()
    File "neo/lib/connection.py", line 504, in process
      self._handlers.handle(self, self._queue.pop(0))
    File "neo/lib/connection.py", line 92, in handle
      self._handle(connection, packet)
    File "neo/lib/connection.py", line 107, in _handle
      pending[0][1].packetReceived(connection, packet)
    File "neo/lib/handler.py", line 125, in packetReceived
      self.dispatch(*args)
    File "neo/lib/handler.py", line 75, in dispatch
      method(conn, *args, **kw)
    File "neo/lib/handler.py", line 159, in notPrimaryMaster
      assert primary != self.app.server
  AttributeError: 'BackupApplication' object has no attribute 'server'

(cherry picked from commit dba07e72)

The following 2 operations can be onerous and they should not be
directly usable without some kind of confirmation by the user:
- Dropping a node now requires to first stop it.
- Tweaking does not exclude anymore automatically DOWN nodes,
  because a node could go DOWN between the moment the user sends
  the command to tweak and the actual tweak by the master.

Initially, I wanted to do the simulation inside neoctl but it has no knowledge
of the topology (the master don't send devpath values of storage nodes).
Therefore, the work is delegated to the master node, which implies a change
of the protocol.

This stops abusing ProtocolError, which disconnects the admin node needlessly.

The many 'if ... raise RuntimeError' in neo/neoctl/neoctl.py
could be turned into assertions.

neoctl gets a new command to change the number of replicas.

The number of replicas becomes a new partition table attribute and
like the PT id, it is stored in the config table. On the other side,
the configuration value for the number of partitions is dropped,
since it can be computed from the partition table, which is
always stored in full.

The -p/-r master options now only apply at database creation.

Some implementation notes:

- The protocol is slightly optimized in that the master now sends
  automatically the whole partition tables to the admin & client
  nodes upon connection, like for storage nodes.
  This makes the protocol more consistent, and the master is the
  only remaining node requesting partition tables, during recovery.

- Some parts become tricky because app.pt can be None in more cases.
  For example, the extra condition in NodeManager.update
  (before app.pt.dropNode) was added for this is the reason.
  Or the 'loadPartitionTable' method (storage) that is not inlined
  because of unit tests.
  Overall, this commit simplifies more than it complicates.

- In the master handlers, we stop hijacking the 'connectionCompleted'
  method for tasks to be performed (often send the full partition
  table) on handler switches.

- The admin's 'bootstrapped' flag could have been removed earlier:
  race conditions can't happen since the AskNodeInformation packet
  was removed (commit d048a52d).

It is often faster to set up replicas by stopping a node (and any
underlying database server like MariaDB) and do a raw copy of the
database (e.g. with rsync). So far, it required to stop the whole
cluster and use tools like 'mysql' or sqlite3' to edit:
- the 'pt' table in databases,
- the 'config.nid' values of the new nodes.

With this new option, if you already have 1 replica, you can set up
new replicas with such fast raw copy, and without interruption of
service. Obviously, this implies less redundancy during the operation.

--kill-mysqld should be combined with something like -f .3 -r .1
to give storage nodes enough time to recover.
And also -D 0 to focus testing on the storage backend rather than NEO.

This also reverts commit 442bb43a.

This fixes up commit be839e92.

This is not used currently.

This breaks compatibily but it was mentionned from the beginning
that these options are only there for testing purpose.

TODO: rename all remaining occurrences of UUID into NID in the code