Original Changelog:

CHANGES since 0.99 patchlevel 13:

 - new kernel source layout: drivers separated
 - lots of networking bugs fixed, and new network card drivers (Alan Cox,
   Donald Becker &co)
 - sound driver added to the default source distribution (Hannu
   Savolainen)
 - updated SCSI driver code (Eric Youngdale, Drew Eckhardt &co)
 - readonly OS/2 filesystem support (HPFS) added (Chris Smith)
 - NTP support (Philip Gladstone, Torsten Duwe, ??)
 - fixed 16MB swap-area limit
 - lots of minor cleanups, buxfixes etc.

We get enable_irq()/disable_irq()

The C++ experiment is not going well.  Get rid of the 'extern "C"', but
replace it with an "asmlinkage" #define that allows us to experiment.

ELF binary support it a notable change.

Original ChangeLog:

 - the bad memory management one-liner bug in pl12 is naturally fixed.
 - compiled with plain C by default instead of C++
 - ELF binary support (Eric Youngdale)
 - Quickport mouse support (and some changes to the PS/2 mouse driver)
   by Johan Myreen and co)
 - core file name change ("core" -> "core.xxxx" where xxxx is the name
   of the program that dumped code).  Idea from ???.  Also, core-files
   now correctly truncate any existing core file before being written.
 - some mmap() fixes: better error returns, and handling of non-fixed
   maps for /dev/mem etc.
 - one kludgy way to fix the wrong arp packets that have plagued net-2d
   (resulting in arp packets that had the first four bytes of the
   ethernet address as the IP address).
 - I fixed the mount-point handling of 'rename()' and 'unlink()/rmdir()'
   so that they should now work and/or give appropriate error messages.
   An early version of this patch was already sent to the KERNEL
   channel, which fixed the rename problem but not a similar bug with
   unlink.
 - packet mode fixes by Charles Hedrick.  Sadly, these are likely to
   break old telnet/rlogin binaries, but it had to be done in order to
   communicate correctly with the rest of the world.
 - FPU emulator patches from Bill Metzenthen.  The fprem1 insn should be
   correct now (not that anybody seems to have seen the incorrect
   behaviour..)
 - a few fixes for SCSI (Drew and Eric)
 - signal.c changes to handle multiple segments (for Wine) correctly.
 - updated drivers from Donald Becker: 3c509 and AT1500 drivers, but
   also some other drivers have been edited, and some networking fixes.

I hate to put out patches this soon after a release, but there is one
potentially major problem in pl12 which is very simple to fix..  I'm
including patches: both in plain ascii and as a uuencoded gzip file
(it's the same patch - the uuencoded one is in case there is any
newsserver that messes up whitespace).

The main patch is just the change from __get_free_page(GFP_BUFFER) into
get_free_page(GFP_KERNEL), and the two minor patches just add checks
that actually enforce the read-only nature of current file mmap'ings so
that any program that tries to do a write mapping at least will be told
that it won't work.

I'd suggest anybody compiling pl12 should add at least the file_table.c
patch: thanks to Alexandre Julliard for noticing this one.

            Linus

CDU31A and MCD CD-ROM drivers.  Ahh, the bad old days of every sound
card manufacturer having their own CD interface.

Much nicer keymaps for keyboards.

Many more network drivers by Donald Becker for the improving NET-2 code.

Eric Youngdale makes executables and libraries use the new mmap()
functionality.  The old special-cased sharing goes away.  Hurray! This
also means that mmap gets a lot more testing.  It also means that NFS
has to be fixed to allow mmaps. Done.

"sys_modify_ldt()" appears, the extended DOS emulators want it.

Still using C++ to compile the kernel.

Original changelog:

 - The memory manager cleanup has continued, and seems to be mostly
   ready, as proven by the ease of adding mmap() over NFS with the new
   routines.  So yes, the pl12 kernel will demand-load your binaries
   over NFS, sharing code and clean data, as well as running shared
   libraries over NFS.  Memory management by Eric and me, while the NFS
   mmap code was written by Jon Tombs,

 - ** IMPORTANT **: The keyboard driver has been enhanced even further,
   and almost everything is completely re-mappable.  This means that
   there is a new version of 'loadkeys' and 'dumpkeys' that you must use
   with this kernel or you'll have problems.  The default keyboard is
   still the US mapping, but if you want to create your own mappings
   you'll have to load them with the new binaries.  Get the 'kbd.tar.gz'
   archive from the same place you get the kernel.

   The new keymappings allow things like function key string changes,
   remapping of the control keys, and freedom to remap any of the normal
   keyboard functions: including special features like rebooting,
   console switching etc.  The keyboard remapping code has been done
   mostly by Risto Kankkunen (Risto.Kankkunen@Helsinki.FI).

 - updated network drivers by Donald Becker

 - updated serial drivers - tytso@Athena.mit.edu

 - updated 387 emulation (Bill Metzenthen).  The updated emulator code
   has more exact trigonometric functions and improved exception
   handling.  It now behaves very much like a real 486, with only small
   changes (greater accuracy, slightly different denormal NaN handling
   etc - hard to detect the differences even if you are looking for
   them).

 - network timer fixes by Florian La Roche (much cleaned up net/inet/timer.c
   and some bad race-conditions fixed).

 - Scsi code updates by Eric Youngdale and others

 - Sony CDU-31A CDROM driver by Corey Minyard added to the standard
   kernel distribution.

 - The Mitsumi CDROM driver is now part of the standard kernel.  Driver
   by Martin Harriss with patches by stud11@cc4.kuleuven.ac.be (yes, he
   probably has a real name, but no, I haven't found it) and Jon Tombs.

 - various other minor patches (preliminary ldt support etc)

There is at least one known problem with 0.99pl11 - it's very minor and
will not lead to any real problems, but it's also very easy to fix,
so...

The problem is a one-liner oversight in kernel/fork.c (thanks to TjL for
noticing the symptoms - they aren't easy to see), which is fixed by the
following patch:

In fact, it's probably easiest to "apply" this patch by hand: just
change the "p->tss.fs = KERNEL_DS" in fork.c to "p->tss.fs = USER_DS"
and you should be fine.

            Linus

Real file mmap with page sharing in the VM code.  We don't do writable
shared mappings (and we won't do them for a _long_ time yet), but this
is a big step forward!

Note in the COPYING file that the GPL only covers the kernel, not user
programs. People were starting to find Linux more and more interesting..

Improved configure script.

Use nicer "save_flags()/cli()/restore_flags()" macros instead of
hardcoding the inline assembly.  Clean up other inline assembly usage
too.

Trying to compile the kernel with C++ compiler.  It will be a failed
experiment.

Original ChangeLog:

 - The keyboard is dynamically changeable (this is true of pl10 as
   well), and you need to get the "keytables.tar.z" archive to set the
   keyboard to suit your taske unless you want to live with the default
   US keymaps.

   Use the "loadkeys map/xxx.map" command to load the keyboard map: you
   can edit the maps to suit yourself if you can't find a suitable one.
   The syntax of the keyboard maps should be obvious after looking at
   the examples.

 - The memory manager has been cleaned up substantially, and mmap()
   works for MAP_PRIVATE.  MAP_SHARED is still not supported for
   anything else than /dev/mem, but even so it actually is usable for a
   lot of applications.  The shared library routines have been rewritten
   to use mmap() instead of the old hardcoded behaviour.

 - The kernel is now compiled with C++ instead of plain C.  Very few
   actual C++ features are used, but even so C++ allows for more
   type-checking and type-safe linkage.

 - The filesystem routines have been cleaned up for multiple block
   sizes.  None of the filesystems use it yet, but people are working on
   it.

 - named pipes and normal pipes should hopefully have the right select()
   semantics in the presense/absense of writers.

 - QIC-02 tape driver by Hennus Bergman

 - selection patches in the default kernel

 - fixed a bug in the pty code which led to busy waiting in some
   circumstances instead of sleeping.

 - Compressed SLIP support (Charles Hedrick). See net/inet/CONFIG

 - the 'clear_bit()' function was changed to return the previous setting
   of the bit instead of the old "error-code".  This makes use of the
   bit operations more logical.

 - udelay() function for short delays (busy-waiting) added.  Used
   currently only by the QIC driver.

 - fork() and sheduler changes to make task switches happen only from
   kernel mode to kernel mode.  Cleaner and more portable than the old
   code which counted on being able to task-switch directly into user
   mode.

 - debugging malloc code.

People finally gave up on net-1, Ross Biro grew tired of the flames, and
net-2 appears with Fred van Kempen as maintainer.  This is the big
switch-over version.

fsync() isn't just a stub any more, and System V IPC is also showing up.

The "struct file" filetable is made dynamic, instaed of a static
allocation.  For the first time you can have _lots_ of files open.

Stub for iBCS2 emulation code.

[original announcement below]

I've finally released an official version of linux-0.99 patchlevel 10:
there have been various alpha versions floating around which differ in
details (notably networking code), which shouldn't be used any more.
The new linux version is available only as full source code: the diffs
would have been too big to be useful.  You can find linux-0.99.10.tar.z
(along with keytables.tar.z) on nic.funet.fi: pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus
and probably on tsx-11 and other linux archives within a day or two (so
check there first if you are in the states).

Linux-0.99 pl10 has a number of new features and changes in interface.
The most notable of these are:

 - the networking code is reorganized (generally called "net-2",
   although unrelated to the BSD release).  The new code implements a
   lot of standard features lacking in net-1, and also changes the user
   interface to be closer to the BSD standards.  Notably, the old
   configuration binaries won't work, so to get the new networking to
   work you'll have to get the net-2 binaries as well.  The networking
   binaries are available on tsx-11.mit.edu (and mirrors) under the
   directory pub/linux/packages/net/net-2 (and the setup syntax has
   changed somewhat..)

   The networking code has been mainly organized and rewritten by Fred
   van Kempen, with drivers by Donald Becker.

 - serial line setup has been changed: linux 0.99 pl10 does *not* try to
   autodetect serial ports very agressively.  If you have other serial
   ports than the standard com1/com2, or nonstandard IRQ etc values,
   this means that it's less likely to work without any help.  The
   solution is not to recompile the kernel - you should get the
   "setserial" program available from tsx-11.mit.edu in the directory
   pub/linux/sources/sbin/setserial-2.01.tar.z that allows you to
   dynamically configure your serial ports to suit your setup.

   The main organizer behind the serial line changes is tytso (Theodore
   Ts'o).

 - Keyboard setup has changed: it is no longer hardcoded at compile
   time, but instead you can use the new "loadkeys" program to load in a
   new keyboard map on the fly.  The default keyboard map is the normal
   US keyboard (yes, I should have used the Finnish one by default, but
   after thinking of all the problems that would have resulted in I
   forgot about that idea).  The loadkeys code can be found in the
   "keytables.tar.z" archive, which also contains keymaps for most
   normal keyboard types.  To create a custom keyboard table is very
   easy - just take a 5 minute look at the existing map files (they
   resemble the ones used by xmodmap, so if you are familiar with
   those..)

   The loadable keymaps were mostly implemented by Risto Kankkunen.

There are a lot of other internal kernel changes, but they should be
mostly transparent, and noticeable only indirectly due to new features
or (hopefully) better/faster/whatever operation.  These include:

 - the SysV IPC patches are in by default: Krishna Balasubramanian.
   If you need these, you know what it's about (notably, dosemu 0.49
   wants them).
 - inode handling is updated: inodes and files are now dynamically
   allocated within the kernel, and use a hash table for faster lookup
   (along with a NFU algorithm for the inode cache).  Steven Tweedie.
 - Updated FPU emulation: mostly exception handling changes, making the
   emulator handle most exceptions the same way a 486 does.  The
   emulator is written by Bill Metzenthen.
 - a few ext2-fs updates by Remy Card and Steven Tweedie.
 - support for the 'fsync()' function (Steven Tweedie)
 - various (minor) SCSI patches to catch some error conditions, add
   support for VLB adaptec controllers without DMA and so on (different
   people).
 - other changes - I forget.

In addition to patches sent in by others, I've naturally made my own
changes (often *to* the patches sent in by others :-).  Among other
things, the pl10 buffer cache code now also tries to share pages with
executables, resulting in better cacheing especially of binaries (giving
noticeable improvements in kernel recompilation speed on some machines).
Also, I've changed a lot of low-level things around to help the iBCS2
project: this includes things like internal segment handling and the
signal stack (which now looks the same as on SysV i386 unixes).  All in
all, pl10 has a disturbing amount of new code, but will hopefully work
well despite (due to?) the number of changes.

The new networking code in particular will change the network setup a
lot - it now looks more standard, but if you were used to the old way of
doing things..  On the other hand, most people actively using the
networking features have hopefully gotten warnings about this on the NET
channel for the last few weeks.  Also, the networking code still isn't
perfect: Fred is still working on it, but it seems to have reached a
reasonably stable platform on which it will be easier to build.  Look
out for the new-and-improved networking manual, hopefully out soon(?).

Standard request: please try it all out, give it a real shakedown, and
send comments/bug-reports to the appropriate place (I'm always
appropriate, but you may want to send the report to the mailing lists
and/or the newsgroup as well).  I apologize for the lateness of the
release (forcing hlu to make interim gcc releases that relied on
nonstandard kernels etc), and the changes are somewhat bigger than I'd
prefer, so the more testerts that try it out, the faster we can try to
fix any possible problems.  The new kernel has gone through various
stages of ALPHA-diffs and some late ALPHA-pl10's, so there shouldn't be
any major surprises, but alpha releases tend not to get even close to
the coverage a real release gets...

                    Linus

Bill's math emulator now passes paranoia.

Last argument to ioctl is "long".

sys_clone() appears.

[original announcement below]

The latest kernel release is 0.99.9, and can be found on nic.funet.fi:
pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus, both as patches relative to pl8 and as full
sources.  The only major new feature is that the ST-0x driver has
finally been updated to the scatter-gather code: ST-0x users should with
luck get about 5 times the performance on disk-operations..  Seagate
code written by Drew Eckhardt.

0.99.9 also fixes:
- the FPU-emulator should now handle all rounding-modes correctly, and
  pass all the paranoia package tests.  Patches by Bill Metzenthen.
- bootup enhancements by Chrisoph Niemann (but the SVGA mode numbers
  have changed, so you may have to edit your lilo configuration file
  and/or the main Makefile to get the mode you normally want)
- ext2fs updated to the very latest release.  Code by Remy Card and
  Stephen Tweedie.
- various minor patches, some of them cosmetic, some of them fixes to
  smaller bugs..  Thanks to everybody who sent them in (even though not
  all made it)

It might be a good idea to test it all out,

            Linus

Mount root filesystem read-only (conditional for now).

SCSI updates.

Stephen Tweedie shows up in ext2, with an enhanced block allocator.

Signal handling update with generated code on the stack and a
"sigreturn" system call.  This was needed to maintain compatibility in
the face of a changed stack layout.  sigsuspend() also works correctly now.

[original announcement below]

Yet another kernel release is now available on nic.funet.fi in the usual
place (pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus for those of you that have already
forgotten), and will probably show up on the other ftp-sites within a
day or two.  There are two new files:

 linux-0.99.8.tar.z - the full gzipped and tarred source-tree of the
   linux kernel.

 linux-0.99.patch8.z - unified diffs against the last official release
   (0.99pl7).

There is no SLIP or new networking routines in this kernel despite the
rumors that have been flying around - the main changes to 0.99.7 are
(some of them were in 0.99pl7A as well):

- the signal handling code has been extensively reworked, and should be
  POSIX as well as clean.
- dosfs is upgraded to version 12 (Werner Almesberger)
- xiafs is upgraded to the latest version (Qi Xia)
- ext2fs is upgraded to the latest version (Remy Card/Stephen Tweedie)
- FPU-emulation patches for v86 mode and precision rounding (Bill
  Metzenthen)
- SCSI patches by various people (Eric Youngdale & co)
- XT harddisk support (Pat Mackinlay)
- new trial code to try to handle 387 lockups on some systems more
  gracefully.
- keyboard, lp and serial driver fixes
- various minor changes (mounting root read-only, bootup messages
  cleaned up etc)

As always, comments/bugs etc are encouraged,

            Linus

More net-1 work. It's endless.

XT harddisk support by Pat Mackinlay.

sys_fsync() and SysV IPC code sys_ipc() stubs appear.

[original announcement below]

I don't generally announce ALPHA-diffs to quite this large an audience,
but I'll be partying^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^Hunavailable for the rest of the
week, and it's unlikely that I will be able to check mails or the
newsgroups until the start of April.  As a result, I'm putting up my
latest kernel version for ftp as it fixes some things in 0.99.7.

The ALPHA-diffs can be found on nic.funet.fi: in the directory
pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus.  If you dislike patching, you can get the
full sources in "linux-0.99.7A.tar.z", or just get the diff file
"ALPHA-diff.z".

Changes in this release:
- the new kernel now detects the lock-up condition at startup if you
  have a faulty 386/387 coupling, and will use software floating point
  in that case.
- the Xia filesystem is updated to the latest version
- the DOS filesystem is updated to the latest version
- the XT disk driver is included: I haven't been able to test it, but
  at least it won't bother anybody if you don't configure it in..
- the latest serial diffs are in
- minor ultrastor fixes
- some changes to the keyboard and line printer drivers: I hope the
  keyboard lockups that some people have reported would be gone with
  this release.
- some fixes to arp.c

I'll be interested in success/failure reports, although I won't be able
to answer them for some time (and I might miss some of the posts on
c.o.l).

            Linus

Nigel Gamble makes lp driver able to use interrupts.

The mmap() code is finally starting to really happen.  In particular,
this means that "verify_area()" is doing more - it can check the actual
areas that have been mapped, rather than just blindly assume that the
user can access anything in the first 3GB.

For now, the mmap code only does anonymous mappings and /dev/mem.
Executables are still read into memory.  But the infrastructure is
there.

The VFS layer stops using names directly in user space - the race
conditions were just too hard to handle.  So pathnames are copied into
kernel space before they are looked up.

Ext2fs (Remy Card) and xiafs (Frank Xia) are merged.  Both are much
faster filesystems using bitmaps rather than freelists, and can handle
big disks and big files.

Ext2fs is based on extfs, while xiafs is a simpler straightforward
extension of the old minixfs.

Xiafs obviously was eventually dropped.

[Original announcement below]

It has been two weeks since the last release, so it's high time you
should once more enjoy the pleasures of patching up your kernel to a
higher version number if you are into those kinds of perversions.  Linux
0.99pl7 is available as both full source and diffs against pl6 on
nic.funet.fi: pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus, and it will probably show up on
the other major sites within days.

As of pl7, I'm trying out a new format: both the full distribution and
the diffs are now compressed with gzip as it is now available at most
machines.  Also, the diffs are no longer context diffs: they use the
smaller unified diff format.  At least the stock SunOS 'patch' binary
seems not to understand them at all, but GNU patch has no problems, and
unified diffs are a bit smaller (not that it matters much after gzip has
done its deed on them).

As to the changes in pl7: they are many and varied, and hopefully all to
the better (-"Dream on Linus" -"Shut up").  Short list follows, hope I
haven't forgotten anything major.

 - ext2fs is in: note that this is version 0.2c and that if you are
   currently using an older version there are some changes.  Small
   filesystems (< 256MB) should reportedly be automatically converted,
   bigger filesystems need some assistance. Ext2fs written by Remy Card.
 - xiafs is also in: again, the final version uses a slightly different
   layout to support exact file block counts, so if you use the xiafs,
   you should make sure you have the latest fs-tools.  Xiafs written by
   Frank Xia.
 - updated Ultrastor SCSI driver with scatter/gather by Scott Taylor.
   It should be much faster, as well as support the Ultrastor-34F.
 - major changes in the memory manager.  Yours truly got carried away,
   and finally cleaned up the mm layer due to pmacdona wanting mmap() on
   /dev/zero.  This means that the IPC patches won't go in, and need
   updating.  Krishna?
 - more big changes: I rewrote most of the VFS filename-handling.
   Filenames are copied into kernel space before being used, which
   cleaned things up somewhat, as well as simplifying some race-
   condition handling.  As a result, I was also able to easily expand
   the minix fs to cover the "linux" fs that some people have been using
   (same layout, but with 30-character names).
 - updated the printer driver: Nigel Gamble.  It is now able to use
   interrupts, although the default behaviour is still to poll.
 - serial driver updates by tytso (but no SLIP yet)
 - various minor patches for POSIX compliace: Bruce Evans, Rick Sladkey
   and me.
 - other minor patches all over the place: scsi, tcpip etc.

All in all, the patches are almost half a megabyte even as unified
diffs: getting the full sources might be easier than patching it all up.

As always, some of the patches are actually tested by me, some aren't
(and just because I wrote some of them doesn't mean I actually *tested*
them: I have no idea if mmap() works on /dev/zero, although it should).
I have neither a printer nor an Ultrastor controller, and I haven't got
the diskspace to test out the new filesystems, so I can only hope they
work "as advertized".  If you have problems, I want to hear about them,
so keep the reports coming, and try to pinpoint the problem as well as
you can ("when I do *this* it happens every time..").

                Linus

Merge a lot of duplicated special file handling into fs/devices.c, and
make drivers register their major numbers properly.

VFS layer gets fsync virtual function.

Compressed image boot, with the kernel loaded into high memory..

[original announcement below]

I'm starting soon to run out of patchlevel numbers for 0.99, but I made
a new release anyway (and long-time linux hackers remember my less than
completely logical numbering: when I run out of numbers I'll start using
alphabetical characters and other fun characters to indicate new
versions :-)

0.99pl6 is mainly a syncronization release: it fixes a few bugs and
changes the behaviour of 'vhangup()' to be more standard.  The vhangup()
changes will break some init/login stuff that depended on the earlier
incorrect behaviour - not everybody may want to use pl6 until you are
sure your init/login will work happily with it.  Better do these things
before 1.0 than to break it later.

Patchlevel 6 also changes the vfs functions for special devices as well
as adding a 'fsync' field to the inode-operations structure.  Thus
ext2fs and xfs need updating.  Remy and Xia? The special file and fifo
handling code is no longer supposed to be in the fs-dependent layer, but
is handled by the vfs routines, as it's the same for all "normal"
filesystems.

Ok, here are the actual changes/features of pl6:
- the kernel can be loaded in gzipped format and de-compressed at
  startup beyond the 1MB mark.  Good for bootable rootdisks.  Patches
  mainly by Hannu Savolainen.
- I finally enabled NMI's everywhere (except at the bootup sequence),
  so if you have memory errors, they will hopefully now result in
  kernel messages ("NMI received..")
- the device registration code for special devices.  Special files are
  now registered with a special "register_[chr|blk]dev()" function.
- consolidated fifo/special dev handling
- vhangup patches.  Note that these may break init/login badly, at
  least if you are using poeigl-1.7.  Be careful that you don't get
  totally locked out of your machine.
- the procfs NULL-dereferencing bugfix (michaelkjohnson)
- literal next character handling (very losely based on a patch I
  received: I essentially rewrote it with final fixes by jrs).
- fpu-emu bugfixes by Bill Metzenthen - fixes the "internal error 112"
  bug as well as a sign bug with zero.
- fdomain driver fixes
- various other minor fixes (wrongly replying to bad ip messages etc)

I'm still not sure about the 387 error detection code: I have had a
couple of messages that would suggest that some early clone 387's have
problems with math exceptions in protected mode.  With the new (as of
99pl5) test at startup this can lead to problems at boot-time.  Please
mail me directly if you seem to have problems with this (it should be
obvious in pl6 due to debugging messages at startup).

            Linus

net-1: more fixes, use bottom halves for transmitting, more "volatiles"
to hide bugs. /proc interfaces for networking.

Side note: it took networking a _long_ time to recover from the
volatiles.  Getting the locking right rather than trying to make the
compiler make races smaller was a hard idea to get through.

Bill Metzenthen moves his math emulator to "beta 1.0" status.

Fred van Kempen shows up: starting to do a SLIP line discipline for tty
devices.

Verify FP exception handling.

[Original announcement below]

        "He's done it yet again - doesn't he ever rest?"
                        - anonymous linux kernel hacker

Only complete newbies don't know what this is all about, but I'd better
tell you anyway: patchlevel 5 of the 0.99 kernel is now available on
nic.funet.fi (pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus) as both context diffs against
pl4 and complete source code.  I'm not even going to speculate on 1.0
right now.

The pl5 diffs are about 90kB compressed: the major changes are to the
tcp/ip code and the serial driver, while there are various minor fixes
strewn around the system:

 - serial lines/tty changes (tytso & Fred v Kempen)
 - NFS bugfixes (Rick Sladkey)
 - tcp/ip (Ross Biro)
 - coprocessor handling changes (me)
 - harddisk driver error handling (Mika Liljeberg)
 - various minor patches (me and others)

Serial lines now implement non-blocking opens correctly and support
dial-out lines (same minor, major==5).  I changed the default startup
mode to be CLOCAL so that people won't get confused by the modem line
code when not using dial-in.

Another interesting change is the 387 error-coupling tests at bootup:
the code to check if the intel-recommended exception 16 error reporting
is present is "non-obvious".  If you have had problems with coprocessor
error handling, or have a non-intel coprocessor, I'd suggest you test
this out: I'd like to hear about problems/successes.

                Linus

PS.  If you tested out the latest ALPHA-diffs (the ones that already
changed the kernel version to pl5), the changes to the final pl5 were
only cosmetic.

net-1: random addition of "volatile" keywords to try to hide race
conditions in the code.

File locking updated with shared and exclusive locks for BSD flock.

Re-mounting of filesystems and new mount system call.

Re: Freeze up on X

In article <1993Jan21.181502.23485@miles.com> dennisf@miles.com (Dennis Flaherty) writes:
>
>Here's another clue.  Try this: when your system freezes, running X, try
>MOVING THE MOUSE.  It's weird!!  But moving the mouse actually makes the
>system run!  Stop moving the mouse, and the system freezes again.  And
>this only happens with 0.99.3, not 0.99.2.

Get pl4, and it should be gone.  There was a bug in the handling of
uninitialized interrupts in pl3, where they could result in either the
wrong interrupt mask being loaded leading to interrupt lock-out or (in
some cases) bit corruption at the user level.  The symptoms are exactly
as you describe: a good interrupt that didn't happen to be locked out
will correct the interrupt mask, and the system goes on (it can be
moving the mouse, but it might also be a keyboard event etc).

            Linus

VFS gets "permission()" virtual function.

[Original announcement below]

Still no 1.0 - I have had a couple of reports of problems, so I'll make
yet another 0.99 release.  The diffs (against 0.99.2) and complete
source can be found at nic.funet.fi: pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus as usual,
and will probably show up at the other sites pretty soon.

0.99.3 contains no real new features, but the diffs are pretty big
anyway (100kB+ compressed): various things have moved around a bit and
there are a lot of minor changes.  The changes include (but are not
limited to):

 - the math emulator code now also understands the unofficial codes (in
   case somebody followed the ML math emulator thread).  I'd be
   interested to hear whether ML now works with the emulator.
 - various SCSI driver changes
 - some re-organization of the tty open/close code to remove a few race
   conditions.
 - interrupt handling rewrites (two-level interrupt code cleanups)
 - the serial drivers are tytso's alpha-drivers: they aren't quite
   completed, but as they need the interrupt handling patches to get
   ready, this is probably the least traumatic way of doing it.
 - some more minor keyboard driver changes (mostly taking advantage of
   the two-level interrupts)

+ a lot of other minor changes.  I once more hope people will try it
out, and report any problems or successes to me.

Known problems:
 - there seems to be something weird going on in the ST-0x driver with
   some scsi disks.
 - tcp/ip is reportedly still not quite stable, and I can't even test it
   out.

NOTE! The DMA functions have changed for the high DMA channels - all DMA
functions now take their arguments as the number of bytes instead of the
old way of using bytes for ch 0-3 and words for ch 5-7.  This might lead
to problems with the SoundBlaster driver, which may need editing.

                Linus

Bottom half race condition fix.

Return ENODEV for nonexistent special devices.

Fix Unix domain sockets to properly check for target equality.

Add 'wchan' to /proc/stat

[Original announcement below]

Yes, as you've probably noticed, it's now 1993 and I still haven't
released 1.0.  Sorry about that, and I have only another patchlevel to
offer.  The new kernel should mainly fix some of the keyboard problems
people have experienced, but does contain some other minor fixes.

Linux 0.99.2 is available now at nic.funet.fi: pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus
as both sources and diffs against 0.99.1 the diffs are essentially the
same as the second alpha-diffs I released for limited testing, with only
minor fixes to fs/exec.c and fs/open.c.

Please try out 0.99.2: the more feedback (hopefully positive) I get on
it, the faster 1.0 will be out.

Changes from pl1 are mainly:
 - pretty much rewritten low-level keyboard handling IO - this time
   actually trying to do it by the book.  It now handles resend requests
   from the keyboard etc.
 - you can run executables from filesystems without bmap support.  This
   mainly means NFS and msdos.  Note that while it's possible, it's
   slower and less memory-efficient than using a "normal" linux
   filesystem, and should generally be avoided.
 - /proc filesystem changes: /proc/kmsg can be used to log the kernel
   messages under X11 (instead of using the older system call to do the
   same), and there are changes to the statistics routines (WCHAN).

+ various minor fixes (non-existent devices are handled better, some
changes to socket bind behaviour etc).

                Linus

Patch 1 addresses the following problems:
 - configuration. Hope there are no silly problems left..
 - inode.c: initialization changes (the missing NULL and some other
   minor fixes).
 - some SCSI tape driver patches (Kai M{kisara)
 - tcp/ip patches (Ross Biro, some code by me)
 - keyboard patches (mainly changed initialization - hope the keyboard
   lockups are gone).
 - completed /proc-fs: it should now contain all info needed by 'ps'
   (Micheal K Johnson).
 - various minor fixes (the minix-fs link overflow checking etc)

Patch1 also contains support for extended VC switching - this is for the
upcoming X11 that understands VC's.  One result of this is that console
redirection now redirects *only* messages actually sent to /dev/console
(aka /dev/tty0), not just to any foreground VC.  Wait for Xfree-1.2 to
be able to switch VC's while under X (yes, including several X-sessions
active at the same time..).

I hope there are still people out there that aren't too busy stuffing
themself with turkey to try out a new kernel release.  There is just
over a week left of this year, and I need feedback in order to be able
to release 1.0.

                Linus

PS.  Thanks to everybody who has sent me Christmas/New Year/Birthday
cards.  Some contained money, some didn't, and I enjoyed them all.
Thanks.

net-1: paranoid queue checking to find more bugs.

configuration script version #1.

NFS filesystem client support by Rick Sladkey!

[Original announcement below]

0.99 has no major new features: the NFS client code is now in the
standard distribution, and the kernel configuration has changed, but
most of the rest of the changes are fixes - especially the tcp code
should now be pretty stable (knock wood).

Changes:

 - NFS is in. As are some stubs for the soud drivers, although it's only
   stubs right now.
 - various fixes around the place: the serial problems are hopefully
   gone, and there are patches to both TCP/IP and SCSI to make them more
   stable.
 - Minor fixes: the keyboard buglet introduced in 0.98pl6 should be
   gone, and some other bugs are also corrected.  The optimized
   read-ahead code in the filesystems (and the raw device read code) was
   too complicated and seemed to have problems with bad blocks, so I
   rewrote it, and it should hopefully work correctly now (this may have
   been the reason "mkfs -c" didn't work in all cases).  Thanks for some
   good bug-reports I've gotten: I've tried to correct all the problems
   I got reports on.
 - The kernel configuration has been re-thought: I decided to take
   advantage of the possibilities offered by GNU make etc.  This means
   that you no longer can compile the kernel using any other make, but
   there probably aren't many (if any) people doing that anyway.  This
   way I got rid of the extremely ugly SCSI setup, so it was probably
   worth it.

To configure the kernel for your setup, do a

        make config

and answer the yes/no questions. After that, do a

        make dep

to make the dependencies match your setup.  After that you should still
go edit the top-level Makefile for some of the configuration information
as before, but the remaining config things are pretty simple.  Then you
can make the kernel with a simple "make Image".

The new configuration utility (essentially a stupid shell script coupled
with some smarts in the Makefiles) tries to minimize compilations: if
you disable the SCSI code the scsi drivers won't even be compiled, much
less linked in.  This should be a win on slower machines.

NOTE!!! Use LILO-0.7 to load the 0.98pl5 and newer kernels: any older
version of lilo is liable to result in weird problems.

                Linus

Kai Makisara does the SCSI tape driver.  He's one of the few original
maintainers still around as such..

isofs introduced by Eric Youngdale, based on the minixfs code.  Eric was
a physicist, and you can tell he was new to C - he has been
Pascal-damaged, and has extra semi-colons at the end of block
statements.  But soon he ended up being one of the core maintainers
anyway, and took over SCSI maintenance.

More aggressive filesystem read-ahead introduced.

[Original announcement below]

Anyway, 0.98pl6 is hopefully the last release before 0.99: there are a
few known problems left in this release.  Most notable is the serial
code: it works for most people, but others still have problems with it.
I hope this will get fixed within a week (tytso is working on it).  It
also seems as if the PS/2 mouse code has some problems.

pl6 contains these fixes:

 - all the tcp/ip patches I've received (and I fixed one bug that
   gcc-2.3 seems to have found).
 - math-emu patch for the problem that resulted in FPU errors with some
   operations.
 - I fixed gcc-2.3 warnings as well as most of the old warnings.  You
   shouldn't get more than one or two warnings when recompiling the
   whole kernel.
 - /proc filesystem extensions.  Based on ideas (and some code) by
   Darren Senn, but mostly written by yours truly.  More about that
   later.
 - some tty_io fixes (there was a bug in the /dev/console handling when
   you changed VC's while using the general console device).
 - re-organization of the keyboard-driver internal data-structures.  The
   changes are mostly preliminary: they change the keyboard flags to be
   more easily adaptive to a reprogrammable keyboard driver.  No actual
   new features yet.
 - new SCSI drivers: reportedly much faster than the old ones (but not
   all drivers take advantage of it yet..)
 - various other fixes: pty's etc have minor changes.

I hope to make 0.99 in a week or so, and 1.0 after that has been tested
some.  I hope people will test out pl6 - 0.99 won't be much different,
and if you don't test pl6, any bugs relating to your particular hardware
may not be found in time for 0.99...

                Linus

net-1: free_skb -> kfree_skb. More changelogs.

[Original announcement below]

0.98.5 mainly fixes the swap-partition bug that was present in pl4 (and
for which I did an earlier unofficial emergency patch).  The bug
resulted in incorrect swapping with a partition under some circumstances
(notably tty events: keypresses could make xterm dump code when swapping
was enabled etc).

pl5 also has some other changes - nothing major.  Setting and querying
termios information from a pty master will now set/query the slave info:
this seems to be what some programs (telnet) expect.  I haven't seen any
changes to any of the programs I use, but I'd like to hear if this
results in problems or if it actually does help.

NOTE! READ THIS AND PONDER:

pl5 now checks against writing to the text segment.  Older binaries
which used the original estdio library (used with the earliest gcc
versions) are liable to break: not that there should be many of these
binaries around.  So if you get "Segmentation fault (core dumped)" on
binaries you know used to work, this is the likely cause.

One problem spot that I've seen even with new binaries is due to a
library bug in 'sigaction()'.  If the second argument is NULL (ie the
pointer to the new sigaction structure), sigaction() will incorrectly
dereference it resulting in a core-dump.  The only program so far that
I've seen doing this is 'dd', but there may be others.

On my system I have found a whopping total of two binaries which didn't
like the text segment protection, so it shouldn't really be a major
problem for anybody.  Famous last words.

                Linus

PS. The strace code in pl4 was incorrectly credited in the announcement.
The code was written by Branko Lankester, not Ross Biro (who did the
tcp/ip changes).

Rename "malloc()/free()" as "kmalloc()/kfree()" to make people more
aware of some of the limitations.

Math emulator updates to handle the case that Linux (unlike the original
djgpp target) can get preempted by user space accesses.

Make "ll_rw_blk()" take an array of blocks to read/write.

VFS "notify_change()" callback, to allow the low-level filesystem to
decide what it wants to do about metadata changes.

Deprecate old "stat()" call by printing out a warning on use.

NR_OPEN is now 256 files per process, and the old "unsigned long" bitops
needed to go away. This causes lots of syntactic changes in select().

System call tracing implemented for ptrace().

[Original announcement below]

 - the inode caching bug (resulting in bad filesystem info when
   mounting/umounting devices) should be gone for good.

 - an elusive race-condition in the fs is fixed: this may have been the
   reason some people got fsck errors once in a while.  The
   race-condition was pretty hard to find, and depends on a lot of
   things (buffer cache size, speed of the disk and computer speed).

 - fpu emulator patches (mainly for the re-entrancy problem) by me and
   W. Metzenthen.

 - various wait-queue changes - the kernel uses the waiting mechanism
   more efficiently now.

 - the NFS client support code is there: the actual nfs code is still in
   alpha (although reported to be pretty stable) and has to be gotten
   separately.

 - NR_OPEN was changed from 32 to 256 (which is what SunOS seems to use,
   so I hope it won't need any further changes).  This has lead to some
   incompatibilities (GNU emacs and the term program seem to need
   recompilation to work correctly), as the 'select()' system call has a
   slightly changed interface due to the new fd_set definition.

 - the process kernel stack is now on a separate page (needed due to the
   fact that the task_struct has now grown to almost 3kB due to the
   NR_OPEN changes).  This also means 'ps' needs patches..  My patches
   to ps-0.98 are available as 'ps-diff.Z' in the same directory as the
   kernel sources and diffs.

 - various other changes: system call tracing by Ross Biro. Changed
   ll_rw_block interface (performance reasons: it will eventually be
   changed to accept several requests at once).  Malloc() was changed
   and renamed to kmalloc() due to the new interface.  Some tcp/ip
   patches (inode counting correction and some other changes).

0.98.4 should hopefully be pretty stable: the main problem areas are
probably still tcp/ip and some of the tty code.  I'd appreciate
comments, bug-reports etc.

                Linus

More networking updates.. Ross Biro is still struggling with net-1.

Michael Johnson (now RH kernel release manager) works on line printer
driver.

Locking function cleanups (for inodes, superblocks, buffer heads).  We
also now pass in the superblock pointer instead of the device number to
the filesystem routines.  That cleans up use and locking of
"get_super()" a lot.

[Original announcement below]

Ok, I already sent out an announcement last night, but due to the time
(6AM over here) I wasn't really in a mood to write a real annoucement.
Here it is.

linux-0.98.3 is available by anonymous ftp at least on nic.funet.fi:
pub/OS/Linux/testing/Linus, both as context diffs against 0.98.2 and the
pre-version of 0.98.3 and as complete source. The complete source
package was done by directly applying the diffs - this means that the
Makefile dependancies are probably not 100% up-to-date as I remove those
from the diffs. It shouldn't be any problem, and you can always do a
"make dep ; make clean" before actually compiling the kernel.

0.98 pl3 fixes several bugs, and should remove all known NULL-pointer
problems that made 0.98.2 unusable for most people. In addition to the
NULL pointer fixes, the following things have changed:

- removed most of the cli-sti pairs in the filesystem code by rewriting
  the locking routines to use a different algorithm, possible due to
  the rewritten wait-queue code that I did back in 0.96c or so.
  Interrupt latency should be better on slow machines, but I don't know
  if it's noticeable.
- Minor 387-emulation fixes by Bill Metzenthen - only noticeable under
  special conditions.
- Corrected various error-returns in the fs (thanks to Bruce Evans for
  running some error diagnostics). Error messages when opening (and
  renaming etc) files that had a non-directory in the path were wrong,
  and should be ok now (ie giving ENOTDIR instead of EACCESS or ENOENT).
  Some other problems reported by Bruce fixed.
- Changed the interface for some fs-related functions due to cleaning
  up super-block handling. Most noticeably, iget() and related
  functions no longer specify the inode with a device and inode number,
  but instead with a super-block pointer and inode number. This is
  more logical, and should make unnamed devices (ie internal
  filesystems like nfs and /proc) cleaner. Also note that the calling
  sequence for sb->s_op->put_inode() also has changed since 0.98. This
  is of interest only if you are writing filesystem drivers..
- ASK_SVGA was broken in 0.98.2 - it should be ok now.

Also, various minor fixes as usual. No new features, but I hope 0.98.3
will be a lot less bug-prone due to the changes since 0.98.1. Some
minor tcp/ip corrections (but most of them were in the pre-release), and
I removed a race-condition in the tty-handling code.

Note that people who use math without a co-processor should certainly
upgrade to 0.98.3: the new emulator is much better than my original one
both in speed and accuracy/exception handling. x11perf is very much
bearable now even without a 387, and things like ray-tracing etc
shouldn't be a problem any more. It's slower than hardware fp, of
course, but at least it works.

The new emulator also means there is no reason for a separate soft-float
library, so I'd assume that will be gone in the next gcc release for
linux.

As usual, a new kernel version probably means you'll have to recompile
'ps' and friends. But at least the same 'ps' sources that worked for
0.97.6 should still work.

                Linus

Start virtualizing real mmap() functionlity in the kernel.  The first
signs of me thinking about this already showed up as some unused header
files earlier, this fleshes things out some more.  No actual filesystem
code yet..

This also removes my old simple math emulator, and introduces the new
and much improved one from Bill Metzenthen.

Bill originally wrote it for the djgpp suite (DJ Delories gcc port to
DOS extenders).  It was much more accurate and well designed than my
hackish one, and I was happy to throw my old code away.  The new math
emulator also did things that I had never bothered with, notably the
more complex i387 functions (exponentials and trig).

I also fixed the static maximum memory limit: we now generate the kernel
page tables dynamically rather than having a 16M or 32M static limit.

SCSI updates: removable media support (which also implies re-reading the
partition table etc)

[Original announcement below]

patch-2 is >150kB compressed, as it contains several big changes. Most
notable are:

 - the new FPU-emulator by Bill Metzenthen.  It's bigger than the old
   one, but thanks to it, linux fpu emulation is no longer a quick hack,
   but a real emulator: it does all the 387(486) math instructions, and
   does them much faster than the old emulator + the soft library.

   The new math-emulator means that a separate soft-float library is no
   longer needed.  It also makes even a non-coprocessor system pretty
   useful for limited math-calcs - the complex functions are much faster
   when they no longer have to be calculated using simple functions, and
   even the simpler instructions that my old emulator handled are faster
   using the new one.

   The size of the new emulator may mean that people who have little
   RAM, but do have a coprocessor should probably recompile the kernel
   with the emulator disabled.

 - various minor mm fixes by me: trapping kernel NULL dereferences,
   cleaning up the page table initializations and the 16MB patches, and
   various other bugfixes.  get_free_page(GFP_ATOMIC) should preserve
   the interrupt flag, so malloc() should be safe now - hopefully no
   more of the tcp/ip memory management problems.

   The NULL pointer trapping may result in errors like:
        Unable to handle kernel paging request at address C0000???
        Oops: 0000
        ..... debugging info .....

   There were several NULL pointer dereferences in the serial and tty
   drivers, which should now be fixed.  I've also fixed any other errors
   I've seen, but if there are problems in the scsi drivers or similar
   things I cannot test, I'd like to hear about them.

 - scsi driver changes by Eric Youngdale.  Preliminary support for
   removable media, and some bug-fixes.  Due to white-space problems
   with eric's patches, the scsi patches are a bit bigger than
   necessary, but they should be ok even though I had to put them in
   partly by hand (and being unable to test them...)

 - The new tcp/ip patches that were sent to the NET channel not long
   ago.  Yes, they are alpha, but so is the whole tcp/ip directory, so I
   put them in even thought they haven't been extensively tested (and
   they did have a serious problem in the ioctl code, which I fixed).

 - psaux mouse patches by Dean Troyer, as well as the mouse.wait = NULL
   patch.

Before (or after) patching, you should remove the old math-emulator (ie
"rm -rf /usr/src/linux/kernel/math") as it is no longer needed.  You
should also do a "make dep" to update dependencies: as usual, I edited
out the dependancy-changes.  Do a "make clean", edit the main (and net)
Makefiles to suit your system, and compile.

And finally: I will no longer be making the bootdisks available -
they'll be made by hlu/jwinstead and will probably be boot+root-disks
using lilo, as done on the hlu disks.  That may mean that a bootimage
won't be available at once, but most people who want to use the
absolutely newest images probably compile them themselves anyway, so
that shouldn't be a problem.

                Linus

Add ATI XL busmouse driver by Bob Harris, split off MS busmouse driver into
a driver of its own (rather than a subdriver of the Logitech mouse driver)

FAT uid/gid/umask mount options.

SCSI driver updates.

[Original announcement below]

Patch1 to 0.98 mainly corrects some driver problems: it contains the
added "inb_p(HD_STATUS)" for hd.c, as well as a changed mouse driver
setup (hope it works - I couldn't test it..).  There are also some SCSI
driver patches: the seagate driver uses irqaction() to get irq's, and
the aha1542 driver has the speedup patches.

The bootimage should be compiled without the auto-SVGA mode, so people
who had problems with linux automatically using a SVGA mode should be ok
in this release.

                Linus

Real networking (TCP) merged! This is the now-called "net-1" code by
Ross Biro.  Boy, was it ugly, but it made for a big jump from not having
any at all.

(And add support for up the 32MB of memory ;)

[Original announcement below]

Sorry for being late - I can't even show any great new features in 0.98,
but at least it's out now, and available at the normal place (ie at
nic.funet.fi, pub/OS/Linux/testing/Linus).  So far there is only a
full-source version available, although I'll probably make it available
as a patch too tomorrow or so (but the patch won't contain the tcp/ip
stuff).

0.98 is essentially the same as 0.97.pl6 - the changes are mostly:
 - tcp/ip (0.8.1) is in.  It's not compiled into the standard bootimage,
   and you'd better be on the tcpip mailing-list to use it, but it's
   there. I've been unable to test it further than just watch it
   compile...
 - extfs patch to correct the problem with big directories with holes.
 - mouse patches (ie improved detection-routines)
 - minor scsi patches (ultrastor driver change)
 - swiss keyboard
 - some serial driver patches
 - the 32mb patches are in, so if you aren't using a DMA-SCSI driver,
   and have more than 16MB physical memory, you can get it recognized.
 - edited hd.c
 - corrected core-dumping routines

I didn't get my mm patches working yet, so they'll have to wait.  The
above are almost 100% by others - I have edited some of the patches, but
there is nothing major new by me.  Most of it is minor bug-fixes, and
the only thing that might be a bit of a problem are the hd.c changes:
but I hope they'll solve more problems than they cause.  Knock wood.

At nic.funet.fi you can currently find (a) the full sources (b) a
bootimage (US keyboard, floppy root, no tcp/ip) and (c) the protocols.h
file needed for compiling the tcp/ip directory (which should go into
/usr/include/netinet/).  I hope people try it out, and that there are no
new problems with this release.

                Linus

Ted Ts'o did extensive serial driver changes, and fixed up some of the
tty layer to match.  Tty's now allocated dynamically.

[Original announcement below]

This patch does not contain any major bug-fixes: it corrects named pipes
that broke with pl5, and has some minor changes in the IO-instructions
and the hd-driver, but those shouldn't matter for most of you.

It does contain all the scsi-patches that I've gotten so far, so if the
bootup sequence died on you in the scsi code, pl6 should correct this.

The major part of the patch is tytso's serial line changes, making the
tty structures dynamic.  No more NR_PTY's - the number of pty's is now
bounded only by the minor number setup (max 64 pty's) or the amount of
memory available (opening a pty requires a page of memory for tty
queues).  Similarly for serial lines.

The above just means that while pl6 can be useful, the changes to pl5
aren't big enough to worry about.  Most people don't use named pipes, it
seems, and the other changes are either cosmetic or hardware-dependent.
I still hope people upgrade, if only so that I can get new bug-reports.

I had hoped to release 0.98 this weekend, but studies and the scsi/hd
problems put an end to that.  0.98 should be out next weekend or so.
Expect the tcp/ip subdirectory and possibly some mm changes.

                Linus

SCSI CD-ROM support by David Giller (based on sd.c by Drew)

Microsoft Busmouse support by Teemu Rantanen

Do the same buffer cleanups to extfs that we just did to Minixfs.

Efficient VGA emulation in dosemu wanted to know when we write
to the pseudo-VGA memory area. Add vm86 mode hooks for that.

[Original announcement below]

Patch 5 fixes the extended filesystem problems (thanks to Remy Card), as
well as including many smaller fixes (some more fs cleanups, the CDROM
patches and several other minor changes).  Pl5 finally removes even the
last few header-files that were incompatible with the normal headers, so
the "-nostdinc -I$(KERNELHDRS)" stuff is gone.

Patch 5 should also fix the problems with iopl() that resulted in the
X8514-server having problems with 0.97.pl2 and above.

In case people are wondering, my schedule for 1.0 looks something like
this:

 - 0.98 out in about a week: this is essentially 0.97.5 + the tcp/ip
   directory, as well as any fixes that may come up.  I'll try to get
   the loadable driver interface into it too.

 - 0.99 out after 0.98 has been shaken down: a month or so.

 - 1.0 will be the same as 0.99: the only changes will be eventual
   trivial bug-fixes in case 0.99 has some problems.  This is just to
   try to get over the "X.0" bug syndrome.

There are a few on-going projects: depending on circumstances these will
be implemented sooner or later, so I won't give any promises.  These
include: loadable drivers/fs's (alpha-patches already availabla), full
support for different block-sizes (some work still required), and a
extensive rewrite of the mm routines (I'll want to make a vmm interface
similar to the vfs interface for the filesystem routines).

                Linus

Linus "dances with patches" Torvalds strikes again: I've already made
patchlevel 4 of 0.97.  It may not be a new record, but it's close :-)

Patch 4 is a very minor patch, but it's pretty important if you want a
stable filesystem (and let's face it: most people seem to prefer a
filesystem that stays up a bit longer).  While patch3 corrected most of
the race-conditions in the minix fs, I overlooked the [f]truncate system
calls, and this new patch corrects that.

[f]truncate is a very race-prone function, and as if that wasn't enough,
there was also a pretty bad error in truncate.c that resulted in the
indirect blocks not being correctly marked dirty when doing partial
truncates.  The latter problem is probably the reason for most of the
filesystem corruptions that have been reported - the race-conditions
were a lot harder to fix, but they also happen a lot less often.

Note that the [f]truncate bug isn't new: it has been in the kernel since
[f]truncate was first implemented (0.95?).  But until now, [f]truncate()
hasn't actually been used very much - only the latest versions of the
binutils have used ftruncate to strip binaries etc.  So the problem
hasn't shown up that much.

So while I consider patch4 to be crucial, you /can/ actually live
without it: I haven't seen the buffer corruption problem at all (until I
actually tested for it after getting good bug-reports), so you can
provably miss it for a long time.  But if you have ever had corruption
problems, I'd suggest upgrading to pl4 as soon as possible.

The corruption problems show up most clearly when using a new "strip"
binary, although they are theoretically possible with other programs
too.  Thanks to "obz@raster.kodak.com" and "jon@robots.ox.ac.uk" for
good bug-reports: thanks to them I was able to pin down the error to
truncate.c, and after that it was pretty easy to get rid of it.

Also note that this patch still hasn't fixed the extended filesystem: I
suspect the same bugs lurk around there.  I'll get it corrected by 0.98
at the latest.

The patch is included at the end of this post (it's very minor - it
contains patches mainly against linux/fs/minix/truncate.c) , and I'll
also update nic.funet.fi (pub/OS/Linux/testing/Linus) to have the new
sources.  Sorry for the inconvenience,

                Linus

Hey, we switched to the GPL several months ago, but only now do we
include the license text itself.  Apparently everybody expected
everybody else to just know what the GPL was..

Add a README on compiling the kernel (by Lasu)

Add PS/2 mouse driver, make generic "mouse" infrastructure.

Add /proc filesystem, clean up minixfs block mapping.

sys_wait4() and swapoff().

VM gets a "secondary page free" list for things like interrupts
that want a page _now_ and can't wait for the regular free list
to fill up.

[Original announcement below]

Patch3 is almost 100kB even compressed, as there were quite big changes
in the mm and minix fs.  No major new features: there are two new system
calls: swapoff(const char * swapfile) and wait4(), and linux accepts
several swap-files, but the rest of the thing is mostly bug-fixes or
simply rewrites.

Major changes:
 - new swap-page handling: linux no longer uses just one bit to keep
   track of used swap-space, but a counter for each swap-page.  This
   allows processes to share swap-pages after a fork(), and should
   result in /major/ performance increases on machines with less memory.
   I've seen better performance even with 8MB - I wouldn't be surprised
   if 4MB machines would re-compile the kernel noticeably faster under
   pl3.  I'd be interested to hear numbers.
 - The low 1MB memory that isn't used directly by the kernel is now
   swappable memory, instead of being hardcoded for buffer cache.  The
   patches for this were originally by tytso, and I expanded on it a bit
   more.  This might also help better performance on 2-4MB machines.
   Note that this does /not/ mean that you can use 1M machines for
   linux: linux still needs some extended memory.
 - the dosfs has been upgraded to dosfs.8 - patches by almesber.
 - I edited the minix fs pretty heavily to remove a couple of race-
   conditions.  The same races still exist in the extended fs, as I
   didn't have time to edit that yet.  The minix-fs took precedence as I
   know that better, and extfs isn't "official" yet anyway.

other changes:

 - the mouse-driver now handles both Logitech (minor = 0) and PS/2
   (minor = 1) busmice.
 - there is a proc-fs for access to user memory/files etc.
 - better support for the tcp/ip patches (but see below...)
 - corrected symlink and /dev/[k]mem behaviour
 - Lars Wirzenius' README (with minimal comments by me) and the GNU
   COPYING notice are now part of the normal kernel setup, and can be
   found in the tar-archive.
 - the floppy ioctl() to get the FD parameters no longer requires root
   priviledges.  Thus, the msdos emulator runs even for a normal user.

Some comments on patchlevel 3:

        mm:

The swap-page handling resulted in a reduction of swap-file (or
partition) size to a maximum of 16MB per file.  It's nothing inherent to
the code, but it eased some algorithms, so I didn't bother coding around
it.  After all, 16MB is enough for most people, and if you want more,
you can have up to 128 swapfiles of 16MB each.  If I get enough
hate-mail about it, I might just try to find the energy to correct it.
Maybe.

Bigger swapfiles will still work, but linux will take advantage of only
the low 16MB.  Also, there is no nifty logic to try to optimize the
usage of the swap-files: pages are simply allocated from one swap-file
until it fills up, and then the next swap-file is used.

The memory management changes break ps/free once more, but not very
much.  Also, I changed the load-average counting, so 'w' also needs
slight editing.  On the other hand, I made '/dev/kmem' mmap()able, and
'ps' and 'free' should be edited to take advantage of that: it should
result in much faster operation, as well as possibly using less real
memory.

        fs:

The fs changes should remove at least two races - the races don't happen
very often, but they were theoretically possible, and might be the
reason for some fs corruption problems that have been reported.  The
changes are related to the use of bmap() - the bmap interface doesn't
really lend itself to some things that it was used for.  Re-writing
internal fs-functions not to use bmap not only should have removed any
races, but also actually resulted in cleaner code.

The proc-fs code isn't too beautiful, and I'll probably leave it out
from 0.98 unless I can make it loadable.  We'll see.  If anybody wants
to use it, you can do something like

  # mount -t proc /dev/ram /proc

Instead of /dev/ram you can use any block device - it's not used, and is
only a dummy as the proc-fs doesn't actually use any external device.
(but note that the device is still marked as mounted, so you cannot
mount it for anything else).

        kernel/mm/lib:

The TCP/IP patches are also essentially in 0.97.pl3 - not the full
TCP/IP directory, only the patches to the main kernel.  NOTE!! I don't
like the 'grab_malloc_pages()' function, so I left that out, and added a
GFP_ATOMIC priority to get_free_page() that should be used instead.  I
hope this will be used (Ross?), as it's a lot cleaner.

Also, I hope the tcp/ip people will clean up malloc() so that it doesn't
panic instead of returning NULL etc.  Ugly, ugly.  This is related to
the get_free_page(GFP_ATOMIC) changes, and I'd like to have patches as
soon as possible - tcp/ip won't be part of the standard kernel until
that can be cleaned up.

                Linus

We're making ready for big processes, and vm86 mode!
 - Move the kernel to virtual address 0xc0000000 instead of zero.
 - Allocate per-process page tables

We can now have 3GB processes, and more than 64 of them!

[Original announcement below]

As promised, 0.97.pl2 is out today (well, over here it's already
tomorrow, so I guess I'm 35 minutes late.  Naughty, naughty).  Right
now, the patch (and full source for those that don't like to patch up
the system) is available at "nic.funet.fi: pub/OS/Linux/testing/Linus",
but I'll try to put it on some other sites as well if I'm able and
energetic enough.  Probably tomorrow - together with a binary for those
that aren't willing to comple the kernel on their own.

0.97.2 has mostly my mm/fs patches, along with some relatively minor
diffs by others (including file locking by Doug Evans).  User-level
changes are minor: but the mm has changed a lot, and the vfs routines
have been changed to keep track of the error-messages a bit better.
Also, the vfs-interface to "follow_link()" changed slightly: people who
are making filesystems should look at the changes (but they are
relatively minor, and shouldn't result in any problems - both the
extended fs and minix fs needed just a simple change in their respective
symlink.c files).

The mm changes /might/ lower performance slightly, as the paging TLB's
are now flushed at every task-switch due to the new system, but I doubt
it's noticeable.  The other performance changes (dynamic buffers etc) in
0.97(.pl1) should overshadow that particular problem.

I hope this release means that these kinds of low-level rewrites aren't
needed for a while: the last couple of releases have changed some very
fundamental things.  Nothing seems to have suffered too badly, but I'd
be happier if it all got tested more thoroughly.  Anyway, discounting
the ps/free etc suite of programs, everything I have tried has worked
flawlessly despite the big kernel changes.

I'm still worried about the reports about messed-up buffers, but have
been unable to reproduce the problem, and nobody has so far
disillusioned me about my guess that it's a problem with the SCSI code
(which at least gives me an excuse for not doing anything about it :-).
Other problems include at least one report of spontaneous re-booting,
which is totally inexplicable, so I'm blaming hardware once more until I
can get better data on the thing.

As to patches sent by others: 0.97.2 contains very little of that kind
of code.  I've been too busy either working, or implementing my own
changes that I have simply ignored them for the most part.  Remind me
(or resend them relative to the new kernel) if you have a patch that is
still needed.

There is one new system call: 'vm86(struct vm86_struct * info)'.  It's
not ready for general use yet - it works, but will probably need some
tweaking before being practical.  But supporting a virtual 86 mode was
so easy after the mm rewrite that I felt it was worth implementing: the
vm86 code is less than 50 lines of C right now.

                Linus

PS.  The bright spot of the week goes to "The Oxford Beer Trolls" - all
UK inhabitants should probably be locked into some (big) mental
institution and TOBT should probably have a wing of their own, but
thanks to them linux can now call itself "beerware" :-)

Make the page allocator use a free page list instead of a silly
linear search.

Add sys_vhangup() and stubs for send/rcv/sendto/recvfrom/shutdown.
We're making ready for real networking..

Remove nonworking extfs bitmap allocators. We'll have them in ext2.

[Original announcement below]

Patch 1 is essentially a performance-release, but it also contains some
other patches: Ross Biro's tcp-ip stubs are there (but not the tcpip
subdirectory: alpha-testers should know where to find that), as are the
ext-fs superblock cleanups. The first header-file patch by hlu is also
in there.

The resulting patch is pretty big - it's also not as cleaned up as I'd
like it to be.  The swapping/buffer-block handling heuristics are
better, but could still do with some tuning.  Also, the idle task in
this version doesn't do very much: it will be expanded to do some more
page-table calculations.

I will be unable to hack on linux for a couple of weeks (I'll still
answer mails, read the newsgroup and fix bugs, but no heavy-duty
hacking) due to some "circumstances beyond my control".  That probably
means that this patch is the last one for a while (three weeks) unless
some bad bugs show up.

                Linus

Move <xxx.h> to <linux/xxxx.h>

Variable-sized buffer blocks and dynamic buffer cache allocation. The VM
knows how to shrink it automatically!

Add support for "fast" interrupt handlers for serial lines.

Update copyrights to say 1992 too.

Remove broken VESA video card handling.

Separate out partition handling code ("genhd").

Make init unkillable.

Norwegian keyboard map.

Future Domain SCSI controller driver by Rik Faith.

Changes in 0.97:

 - The VESA-support was removed.  I'd be happy to put it back once it
   works on all hardware.  Instead of the VESA-code, I finally put in
   the automatic SVGA setup patches.  See the top-level Makefile.

 - The IRQ code has solidified, and should work on all machines.  Not
   all of the SCSI drivers use it yet, so I expect patches for that..

 - Serial interrupts are handled slightly differently, and performance
   should be up.  I've sent out a few alpha-releases, and testing seems
   to indicate that's actually true this time.  Reactions have ranged
   from "nice" to "wonderful" :-)

 - The buffer-cache and memory management code has been edited quite a
   bit.  ps/free etc programs that reads kernel memory directly no
   longer work, and even a recompilation won't be enough.  They actually
   need editing before they work.

   The buffer-cache now grows and shrinks dynamically depending on how
   much free memory there is.  Shift+PrintScreen will give some memory
   statistics.  (Ctrl+PrSc gives task-info, ALT+PrSc gives current
   register values).

   The mm code changes removed some race-conditions in the VM code, and
   I also tried to make the Out-of-swapspace error less severe (better
   thrashing-detection etc).

 - The super-block code has been cleaned up.  Especially the extended fs
   needs to be edited a bit to take advantage of the new setup, and I
   expect Remy Card will have a patch out eventually.

 - include-files have been moved around some more: there are still some
   names that clash with the standard headers, but not many.

 - Unswappable processes implemented: by default only 'init' is
   unswappable.  This is a bit safer in low-memory conditions, as at
   least init won't die due to low memory.  I also made killing init
   impossible: if init doesn't recognize a signal, it simply won't get
   it.  Some other changes ("while (1) fork();" won't kill the machine
   for non-root users etc)

 - The new SCSI drivers are in.  These make the kernel noticeably
   bigger, but you can leave them out if you don't want them.

 - The floppy- and hd-drivers print out more debugging-info in case of
   errors: this might be irritating if you have hardware that works, but
   often gives soft-errors.  On the other hand, some old debugging-info
   was removed - notably for user-level protection errors etc.

 - Various minor fixes.  I haven't made cdiffs (and I haven't gotten any
   requests for them, so I probably never will), but they would be
   pretty big.

Things that I didn't have time for:

 - I wanted to rewrite the tty drivers to be more "streams-like" (ie not
   an actual streams-implementation, but some of the ideas from
   streams).  I never got around to it: there was simply too much else
   to do.

 - I got a lot of patches, and some went in, others didn't.  If you
   think your patch was important, please re-send it relative to the new
   version.

I'd like comments on the new system: performance / clarity of code etc.
0.97 should correct all known bugs (at least the ones I know about), but
I guess that's just wishful thinking.

Note that the dynamic buffer-code also handles differently-sized
buffers, but that the rest of the system (block device drivers,
filesystem code etc) cannot yet take advantage of this - there is still
some coding needed.

		Linus

More VFS layer work: remove more special cases, and take advantage of
the virtual VFS functions (close and select).  Add fchown/fchgrp and
[f]truncate.

Orest Zborowski shows up, and works on porting X11 to X.  This needs a
lot of infrastructure support: ioperm() for user-mode IO port access,
and SVR style virtual terminal ioctl's to make porting easier.  Perhaps
more importantly, the mmap() system call shows up, even if it right now
is limited only to a direct /dev/mem remapping.

[Original changelog below]

- truncate/ftruncate/fchmod/fchown system calls

        note that there aren't any library functions for these, so they
        aren't very useful yet...

        [f]truncate needed a change in the logic of the internal
        truncate VFS call - anybody that has any nonstandard filesystem
        probably needs to look it up.

- io-bitmap syscalls giving root-processes access to selected io ports
  from user space.  There is a "ioperm()" system call that lets the
  process select which ports it wants to enable/disable (all ports
  disabled as default) as well as a (standard sysv?) ioctl interface
  that X uses.

        again, no library stubs, but it allows things like reading and
        setting the cmos clock without using /dev/port, as well as
        control over the VGA registers...

- mmap for /dev/mem

        more things needed for X...

- the signal-handling fixes needed for gdb

        These aren't yet complete: serial lines still send signals under
        interrupts that can result in problems (ie ptrace doesn't
        correctly get them), but that's pretty unlikely (and will be
        fixed in the final 0.96).  Breakpoints should work etc..

- multiple shared libraries

        Up to 6 simultaneous shared libraries/process: the patches were
        originally by pmacdona, but they were heavily changed by me, and
        I think they work in a more natural manner now.  One user-level
        change is that the libraries are now checked for read and
        execute permissions for safety-reasons.

- cleaned up special files.

        read/write/ioctl no longer has special-case code: it is all
        handled with tables to functions.  This will mean that the SCSI
        patches won't patch in quite cleanly into 0.96: you'll need to
        add the code that sets up the functions.

        Again: device drivers and vfs-filesystem hackers need to look
        into the changes, although they are pretty logical (earlier
        versions just didn't implement all the vfs-routines)

        Note that the vfs-code for select is still not used: select is
        hardcoded for the devices it supports right now.

- ptrace() has a new interface

        as gdb for versions < 0.95c don't work on the new version, and
        gdb won't work very well at all on 0.95c[+], there was no reason
        not to break ptrace.  Thus 0.96 has a new calling convention for
        ptrace, and the old ptrace library function no longer works.
        I'm including the new ptrace library function at the end of this
        post.

- mount() takes 4 arguments, and checks that only the super-user can
  mount/umount things.

        Happily this shouldn't break any old binaries.

- some general cleanups

The subject pretty much says it all: I've sent out the "weekly patch"
and I'd be very interested in comments. As with patch1, there are some
very fundamental changes in the kernel, and they might have some
problems. I'd want as many as possible to test out linux-0.96c.pl2, as
that has always been the best way to test out the changes. Everything
works on my machine, but that doesn't guarantee it will work on other
setups...

The MAJOR change in 0.96c.pl2 is the totally rewritten sleep/wakeup
code. That, together with the IRQ code introduced in pl1 and slightly
edited in pl2, means that two very fundamental things in the linux
kernel have changed in the last two weeks. The code is cleaner, easier
to add devices to, and hopefully faster, but it's still a bit risky to
change this kind of very low-level behaviour.

Select() is now implemented using the vfs jump tables, and thanks to the
better sleep/wakup interface, select() performance should be noticeably
better. At least xload seems to give lower load-averages, and I hope
ka9q will work better with the new kernel. Note that things like the
tty code doesn't yet take full advantage of the new features the
rewritten sleep offers, but I wanted to get a good testing-release out
before actually tweaking all the routines to use the new interface.

The IRQ routines have changed slightly, and all known bugs are fixed.

While I'm most interested to hear comments about the IRQ and
select/sleep/wakup code, there are a few other changes in pl2:

 - Swiss keyboard support.

 - Screen blanking now only reacts to key-presses and kernel messages:
normal tty output doesn't make the screen unblank.

 - DOS-fs version 5 is in. It wouldn't hurt to try it out. It's
somewhat alpha still, but it seems to work. mtools should be a thing of
the past once the dosfs is a bit more tested.

 - core-file magic number, and a minor bug in ptrace is fixed

 - a bus-mouse is supported. I'd like to hear if it still works after I
did the select() patches "blind" (I can't test it on my machine).

 - iopl changing is possible (but requires root priviledges): this
allows access to all IO ports, as well as the interrupt flag. Don't use
it unless /absolutely/ necessary: a bug in your program will most likely
crash the machine if you are running with IO priviledges. It's needed
for some X VGA drivers.

As a result of all the changes, the diff is pretty big. Apply and build
it with something like:

        cd /usr/src
        zcat linux-0.96c.patch2.Z | patch -p0
        cd linux
        make dep
        make clean
        make Image

assuming you have the 0.96c.pl1 kernel in /usr/src/linux. I've had some
reports that my patches won't always go in cleanly: I know for a fact
that patch1 patches cleanly (I rebuilt 0.96c.pl1 by downloading it all
from banjo), so the error is in your end.

Possible problems:

 - The VESA code in setup.S has some problems. I haven't even looked
into it yet, so if it won't work for you, please either (a) use the
unpatched setup.S from 0.96c, or (b) try to find the problem and tell
me. (b) is preferable, of course. I'd like to have VESA support, but
if the bug isn't found, I'll have to use the non-VESA version for 0.97.

 - The IRQ code in 0.96c.pl1 could overrun the stack if linux got
un-ending interrupt requests, resulting in a re-boot. With pl2, this
shouldn't happen: linux should print out something like "Recursive
interrupt on IRQx. Shutting down" and simply disable the problematic
IRQ line. If you see this message, I'd be very interested to hear about
it (which IRQ, what devices you have, etc).

 - And any new or old bugs I haven't found yet.

I have one report that 0.96c.pl1 has problems with the inode table, and
panics on bootup with a "no more inodes in mem" report. Can anybody
confirm this sighting? I haven't found the reason for it, and haven't
seen it myself. I'm hoping it's an installation problem, but if anybody
else sees the same behaviour, I'm SOL.

            Linus

changed the IRQ routines and the serial code to be easier and cleaner
(and hopefully more efficient) and I thought that would be it. I was
wrong.

I got several patches (and one bug-report) again, and while I haven't
had time to check them all, some of them are in. Fixes:

 - Remy Cards correction to the out-of-space problem with the extended
fs is here. Most people using the ext-fs might already have applied
this patch, in which case you might have problems patching.

 - my ftruncate() fix is here. Again, if you already did the trivial
patch by hand, you'll get errors when patching.

 - almesber's implementation of read-only filesystems is here (after
editing by yours truly). The mount() system call now accepts a flags
integer as well as a pointer to some arbitraty data in user space for
some special mount() calls. The general flags allow (a) read-only
mounting, (b) disabling of suid executables (c) disabling of device
special files and (d) total disabling of executables on a per-filesystem
basis. The filesystem specific mount() info isn't currently used by any
fs, but can be used to specify additional information that depends on a
special fs type (a password or similar would be possible..)

 - the rename() system call had a bug in that it allowed moving over a
directory: I think the code to handle this was lost in the vfs editing,
and although the GNU mv utility checked it, a malicious (or just
unsuspecting) program can destroy the fs using this. Thanks for the
bug-report: it was very easy to add once I saw the problem.

 - support for vesa-standard svga cards in setup.S. I'm unable to test
this, but my svga card still works after the patch, so I left it in in
the hope that it doesn't break for anybody else.

 - various minor editing by me, or minor patches sent in by others.

The full cdiff is almost 50kB compressed, so this is a bigger-than-usual
patch. Hope there are no problems. People who are using the new SCSI
drivers might have problems with my changes to the SCSI irq-setup
changes, so be careful (actually using the original sources might be a
good idea, and then upgrading again). I hope to get the new SCSI
drivers into the kernel soon (definitely in time for 0.98).

I'd be interested to hear comments on serial line performance, bugs,
features, etc. As usual, I'm hoping this release won't contain any new
bugs while fixing all the old ones, but I guess that's likely to happen
right after the first winter olympics in Hell.

            Linus